<p>The overall purpose of this study is to examine what consequences might be connected to Swedish meat consumption. To illustrate this, the production chain of beef meat, produced in Brazil and consumed in Sweden, has been mapped and investigated. The analytical focus of this study has been on power distribution within the chain, aiming to outline its socio-economic consequences in the Brazilian context. The empirical data was collected partly from secondary sources, but also from primary sources through interviews with key informants in the buyer-end of the production chain. The Global Value Chain approach served as a methodology for mapping the production chain and as a theoretical device for analysing the embedded power structures.</p><p>The main result, besides an overview of the beef production chain, was an identification of the chain as buyer-driven. Power is particularly concentrated around supermarket chains, which have very specific requirements on production and processing, implemented by the importing firms, thus also having a huge influence. Power concentration was also discovered in the levels of farming and processing, where the number of acting units declines frequently. The Swedish beef consumption thus seems to contribute, however small-scaled, to the process of power concentration along the chain of production, making market entrance a scarce asset. Potential socio-economic consequences of this process, besides unequal access to influence, might be longer travels or changed city of residence for workers, or even employment losses due to inadequate education. Low-income consumers might become vulnerable since cheap low-quality meat becomes inaccessible. Moreover, this thesis has also raised additional questions, suitable for further research, regarding the impacts of Swedish meat consumption.</p>

The overall purpose of this study is to examine what consequences might be connected to Swedish meat consumption. To illustrate this, the production chain of beef meat, produced in Brazil and consumed in Sweden, has been mapped and investigated. The analytical focus of this study has been on power distribution within the chain, aiming to outline its socio-economic consequences in the Brazilian context. The empirical data was collected partly from secondary sources, but also from primary sources through interviews with key informants in the buyer-end of the production chain. The Global Value Chain approach served as a methodology for mapping the production chain and as a theoretical device for analysing the embedded power structures. The main result, besides an overview of the beef production chain, was an identification of the chain as buyer-driven. Power is particularly concentrated around supermarket chains, which have very specific requirements on production and processing, implemented by the importing firms, thus also having a huge influence. Power concentration was also discovered in the levels of farming and processing, where the number of acting units declines frequently. The Swedish beef consumption thus seems to contribute, however small-scaled, to the process of power concentration along the chain of production, making market entrance a scarce asset. Potential socio-economic consequences of this process, besides unequal access to influence, might be longer travels or changed city of residence for workers, or even employment losses due to inadequate education. Low-income consumers might become vulnerable since cheap low-quality meat becomes inaccessible. Moreover, this thesis has also raised additional questions, suitable for further research, regarding the impacts of Swedish meat consumption.

With the maturity of the semiconductor and communication technology, and vehicle technology is unable to break through obviously, therefore automobile corporations begins to try to apply the electronic product to the field of the vehicle in order to separate the difference district of the products, besides offering and is different from the function that machinery displays, its range of application is not only products, such as engine, transmission or chassis, but march toward with voluntarily safe, driving convenience, functional intelligence, relevant products of taking comfortableness and high dependability gradually, so involving the new industry in relevant technology, such as car making, electron, photoelectricity, communication, the auto-electron is attracted attention by the world. In global capitalism, economic activity is not only international in scope, it is also global in organization. 'Internationalization' refers to the geographic spread of economic activities across national boundaries. As such, it is not a new phenomenon. Indeed, it has been a prominent feature of the world economy since at least the seventeenth century when colonial empires began to carve up the globe in search of raw materials and new markets for their manufactured exports. 'Globalization' is much more recent than internationalization because it implies functional integration between internationally dispersed activities. So synthesize above-mentioned, I am going to use this regard globalizing the concept as theory 'Global commodity chain' of foundation, to inspect the electronic industry of the automobile of Taiwan, and plus the policies of automobile electron like 'IA completed vehicle plan' and its network structure. This research, in order to obtain each other's network inter-dynamic relation among industry, manufacturer, adopt the depth interview. The result of study is found, one of two kinds of driven ways derived out for the global commodity chain of the electronic industry mode of production of the automobile of Taiwan is 'buyer driven', the main reason is to urge the strength of industry's technology and products trend is coming from automobile corporation as 'branded manufacturers', and is absorbed in belonging to the roles of 'the factory' in the electronic manufacturer of Taiwan of the production field; And this industry is new industries derived out after combining with the electronic industry by the automobile, so the automobile and electron are on the inter-dynamic relation, and cooperative through 'security regardless parts', 'system software', 'call-center service¡¦; However government policies can actually drive the industry to develop, and combine the energy of the automobile and electronic industry, but government should offer more encourage policies to replace managing, restricted ones.

This thesis locates the global heroin trade within a world-systems theoretical framework. While the thesis identifies some of the factors responsible for the success of the international heroin trade, the primary aim is to focus on one facilitating aspect – global financial flows of ‘illegal’ or ‘hot’ money. Central to the argument is that international production and trade in illegal heroin are buttressed by cycles of economic contractions within the world economy and by a global financial system that provides the means for the heroin trade’s profits to be easily laundered and invested in the legal economy. To illustrate the utility of these approaches in terms of a world-systems context, the thesis employs a global commodity chain perspective and elaborates the case study of Hüseyin Baybasin, a highly prominent convicted Kurdish businessman who has sometimes been identified as the world’s leading international heroin trafficker. This particular case study permits us to examine not only the complex web of historical, cultural, social, economic and political interactions within the international heroin trade, but also how the global heroin commodity chain is relevant to the broader debate about secessionist ethnic nationalism and development in the Third World. Focusing on Turkey, the thesis outlines the early historical periods in which different traditional patterns have prevailed for the majority of Kurdish people, and explains the disappearance of these patterns through the process of modernisation and globalisation, and how this relates to the global heroin trade. The argument thus provides an alternative, world-systems perspective to the more familiar accounts of international heroin trafficking that tend to focus on conventional interpretations of supply and demand and the activities of law enforcement agencies in physical interdiction.

廠商人才培訓的探討，不論在國內外皆已成為組織研究、人力資源管理、商管等領域中極重要的研究議題之一。許多研究皆已指出台灣屬於後進學習型的國家，透過代工，不同產業在1980年代都進入全球商品鏈生產分工的半邊陲位置。然而，過去有關台灣或者經濟發展中國家如何技術學習的文獻中，很少深入討論技術接收國的廠商透過怎樣的人才培訓制度將技術深化到組織。本研究認為，員工技術學習的能力必須奠基在組織人才培訓制度的安排與制度環境的集體促進過程，一旦缺乏關照廠商人才培訓經驗的特性，將無法完整掌握臺灣企業組織技術學習的獨特性。本研究認為，要掌握台灣廠商人才培育經驗的特性，必須發展出台灣本土經驗的分析架構，而非不加反省地按照西方的觀點或者既有經濟學式的理性效率觀點進行解釋。奠基在深度訪問41家廠商，與其他相關人資協會、政府官員、教育訓練機構人員，總共72人的田野訪問資料，以及問卷調查122家廠商人才培育的經驗，試圖開展出屬於臺灣廠商人才培訓經驗的解釋框架，以掌握影響台灣後進學習廠商的人才培訓態度的制度機制以及理由邏輯。本研究發現，後進學習廠商的人才培訓經驗，必須更細緻地依照廠商在全球商品鏈的結構分工之生產技術立基(OEM/ODM)進行劃分，此相對應出的兩類「後進追趕學習」與「後進追趕創新」的組織人才培訓邏輯，可以適切地解釋台灣製造業廠商人才訓練的經驗。 / As far as firms’ training is concerned, it’s become a rather significant topic in both at home and abroad academic fields, such as organizational sociology, human resources management, and general business administration. Many studies have pointed out that Taiwan could be categorized as a “latecomer’s learning type” of country; as Taiwan’s OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers),starting in the 1980s, were joined into the global commodity chains and supply chains, and have earned semi-peripheral positions in the global division of production. However, so far, little is known about how technique-receiving countries like Taiwan pass techniques and skills into the organizational groups of people through the company’s training system. Besides that, employee skill learning heavily depends on the organizational training arrangement and instituted operational process; hence, if there is no consideration for companies’ training practices, Taiwan’s enterprise characteristics won’t be understood completely and a full picture of Taiwan’s business environment will continue to be unclear. Given a lack of related researches and references, this study emphasizes that to create a local analytical framework is more important than in light of theoretical points of view developed in Western societies or the existing efficiency viewpoint of economics-based rational interpretations. In order to explore further how manufacturing companies train their staff members and employees, this study will adopt both an in-depth interview method and questionnaires. Based on interviews with human resource managers at 41 companies, officers as well as leaders who are in charge of human resource associations and training institutes, the survey sample includes 72 interviewees. In addition, the study comprises accumulated training experiences from 122 companies as well. This research intends to not only develop an interpretative framework for Taiwan enterprises’ training experiences, but also seek out the influential mechanisms that may affect companies’ attitudes toward training. The main finding of this study needs to be emphasized is that Taiwan has a dual track of institutional logic for training; training practices that follow a level of technical foundation (which include OEMs and ODMs, Original Design Manufacturers) deeply embedded in the global commodity chain. And these OEM/ODM enterprises have developed two different training types, namely “latecomer’s pursuit of learning” and “latecomer’s pursuit of innovation”. These dual institutional logics for training could help to explain Taiwan manufacturers’ experiences appropriately.

Cette thèse analyse les enjeux du développement économique liés aux dynamiques des cours des matières premières en général et ceux du coton en particulier. Traditionnellement, les travaux s’inscrivant dans une optique de long terme questionnent la pertinence des spécialisations primaires des PMA. À moyen terme l’intérêt porte davantage sur l’instabilité dont les conséquences sont d’autant plus importantes que la dépendance des pays à l’exportation de tels produits est forte. Les enjeux s’articulent alors autour des modalités de régulation des marchés, du choix d'outils (publics ou marchands) pour la gestion des incertitudes, le tout dépendant de l’appréhension de l’instabilité comme un phénomène endogène ou exogène. Dans un contexte nouveau marqué par l’affirmation d’oligopoles de firmes, la segmentation du processus productif mondial, et la financiarisation des marchés de matières premières, nous proposons un cadre analytique permettant d’aborder différemment ces problématiques. Nos travaux montrent d’abord comment les approches du type chaînes globales de valeur peuvent être mobilisées pour mieux orienter les stratégies commerciales / industrielles des PMA. S’appuyant sur la notion de rationalité limitée dans le cadre de modèles de comportements hétérogènes, ils prouvent ensuite l’existence d’une forte composante endogène dans l’instabilité et par là même, l'inefficacité des seuls outils marchands. Au final, pour les pays africains producteurs de coton, il apparait qu’il reste possible de mettre ce produit au service d’une stratégie globale de développement. Cela passe par le recours à des mécanismes hybrides de gestion de l’instabilité, combiné au renforcement des dynamiques de coopération transfrontalières en vue d’une structuration de chaînes régionales de valeur. / This thesis analyzes the economic development issues related to the medium and long-term dynamics of commodities prices in general and cotton prices in particular. Studies on the long-term perspective traditionally question the relevance of primary specializations of LDCs. In the medium term, the interest is relates to price instability for which the consequences are all the more important as countries’ dependency on the exports of such products becomes stronger. The stakes then revolve around market regulation modalities, and the choice of risk management tools (e.g. public or private interventions). These depend on the apprehension of price fluctuations as a phenomenon arising from endogenous or exogenous market factors. In a new economical context influenced by the growing importance of oligopolistic firms, a segmentation of the productive process and the financialization of commodity markets, we address differently these issues through a new analytical framework. The proposed analysis first shows how approaches such as the ones related to global value chains are more adapted to tackle industrial/commercial policies in commodity dependent LDCs. Second, in a context of heterogeneous behavioral models, we rely on the concept of bounded rationality to show the presence of a strong endogenous component in instability. Thus, it proves the inefficiency of private interventions to counter instability. Considering these findings in the case of African cotton producers, we conclude that it remains possible to incorporate the commodity in a global development strategy. But this involves the use of hybrid-type mechanisms (public-private) for managing uncertainty, combined with a reinforcement of cross-border cooperation dynamics in order to structure regional value chains.