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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Application of network coding for VLSI routing

Nemade, Nikhil Pandit 15 May 2009 (has links)
This thesis studies the applications of the network coding technique for intercon- nect optimization and improving the routability of Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) designs. The goal of the routing process is to connect the required sets of sources and sinks while minimizing the total wirelength and reducing congestion. Typically, chip interconnects include multiple sinks and are routed through intermediate nodes. The main idea of the network coding technique is to enable the intermediate nodes to generate new signals by combining the signals received over their incoming wires. This is in contrast to the traditional approaches, in which an intermediate node can only forward the incoming signals. This thesis attempts to explore the possible ben- efits of the network coding technique for reducing the total wirelengh and mitigating congestion in VLSI designs. The contribution of the thesis is three-fold. First, we extend the Hanan’s theo- rem for multi-net rectilinear coding networks. Second, we propose several exact and heuristic solutions for finding near-optimal routing topologies that utilize network coding techniques. Next, we perform extensive simulation study to evaluate the ad- vantage of network coding over the traditional approaches. The simulations help to identify routing instances where the network coding techniques are expected to be beneficial. Finally, we evaluate the potential benefits from network coding in practical settings by analyzing its performance on the International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD) benchmarks. Our results show that while network coding shows upto 2.43% improvement on unconstrained rectilinear grids, it shows upto 4.34% improvement in cases with con- straints along the grid. In addition, it shows an improvement upto 8.4% in cases involving congestion reduction and also improves routing performance on ISPD rout- ing benchmarks.
2

A heuristic approach for Capacitive Crosstalk Avoidance during Post Global Routing Crosstalk Synthesis for Deep Submicron Technologies

ARUMUGAM, THIAGARAJAN 18 April 2008 (has links)
No description available.
3

Track Assignment Considering Crosstalk-Induced Performance Degradation

Zhao, Qiong 2012 May 1900 (has links)
Track assignment is a critical step between global routing and detailed routing in modern VLSI chip designs. It greatly affects some very important design characteristics, such as routability, via usage and timing performance. Crosstalk, which is largely decided by wire adjacency, has significant impact on interconnect delay and circuit performance. Therefore, the amount of crosstalk should be restrained in order to satisfy timing constraints. In this work, a track assignment approach is proposed to control crosstalk-induced performance degradation. The problem is formulated as a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and solved by a graph-based heuristic. The proposed approach is implemented and tested on benchmark circuits from the ISPD2011 contest and the experimental results are quite promising.
4

Exploração de paralelismo no roteamento global de circuitos VLSI / Parallel computing exploitation applied for VLSI global routing

Tumelero, Diego January 2015 (has links)
Com o crescente aumento das funcionalidades dos circuitos integrados, existe um aumento consequente da complexidade do projeto dos mesmos. O fluxo de projeto de circuitos integrados inclui em um de seus passos o roteamento, que consiste em criar fios que interconectam as células do circuito. Devido à complexidade, o roteamento é dividido em global e detalhado. O roteamento global de circuitos VLSI é uma das tarefas mais complexas do fluxo de síntese física, sendo classificado como um problema NP-completo. Neste trabalho, além de realizar um levantamento de trabalhos que utilizam as principais técnicas de paralelismo com o objetivo de acelerar o processamento do roteamento global, foram realizadas análises nos arquivos de benchmark do ISPD 2007/08. Com base nestas análises foi proposto um método que agrupa as redes para então verificar a existência de dependência de dados em cada grupo. Esta verificação de dependência de dados, que chamamos neste trabalho de colisor, tem por objetivo, criar fluxos de redes independentes umas das outras para o processamento em paralelo, ou seja, ajudar a implementação do roteamento independente de redes. Os resultados demonstram que esta separação em grupos, aliada com a comparação concorrente dos grupos, podem reduzir em 67x o tempo de execução do colisor de redes se comparada com a versão sequencial e sem a utilização de grupos. Também foi obtido um ganho de 10x ao comparar a versão com agrupamentos sequencial com a versão paralela. / With the increasing of the functionality of integrated circuits, there is a consequent increase in the complexity of the design. The IC design flow includes the routing in one of its steps, which is to create wires that interconnect the circuit cells. Because of the complexity, routing is divided into global and detailed. The global routing of VLSI circuits is one of the most complex tasks in the flow of physical synthesis and it's classified as an NP-complete problem. In this work, a parallel computing techniques survey was applied to the VLSI global routing in order to accelerate the global routing processing analyzes. This analyzes was performed on the ISPD 2007/08 benchmark files. We proposed a method that groups the networks and then check for data dependence in each group based on these analyzes. This data dependency checking, we call this checking of collider, aims to create flow nets independent of each other for processing in parallel, or help implement the independent routing networks. The results demonstrate that this separation into groups, together with the competitor comparison of groups, can reduce 67x in the collider networks runtime compared with the sequential release and without the use of groups. It was also obtained a gain of 10x when comparing the version with sequential clusters with the parallel version.
5

Exploração de paralelismo no roteamento global de circuitos VLSI / Parallel computing exploitation applied for VLSI global routing

Tumelero, Diego January 2015 (has links)
Com o crescente aumento das funcionalidades dos circuitos integrados, existe um aumento consequente da complexidade do projeto dos mesmos. O fluxo de projeto de circuitos integrados inclui em um de seus passos o roteamento, que consiste em criar fios que interconectam as células do circuito. Devido à complexidade, o roteamento é dividido em global e detalhado. O roteamento global de circuitos VLSI é uma das tarefas mais complexas do fluxo de síntese física, sendo classificado como um problema NP-completo. Neste trabalho, além de realizar um levantamento de trabalhos que utilizam as principais técnicas de paralelismo com o objetivo de acelerar o processamento do roteamento global, foram realizadas análises nos arquivos de benchmark do ISPD 2007/08. Com base nestas análises foi proposto um método que agrupa as redes para então verificar a existência de dependência de dados em cada grupo. Esta verificação de dependência de dados, que chamamos neste trabalho de colisor, tem por objetivo, criar fluxos de redes independentes umas das outras para o processamento em paralelo, ou seja, ajudar a implementação do roteamento independente de redes. Os resultados demonstram que esta separação em grupos, aliada com a comparação concorrente dos grupos, podem reduzir em 67x o tempo de execução do colisor de redes se comparada com a versão sequencial e sem a utilização de grupos. Também foi obtido um ganho de 10x ao comparar a versão com agrupamentos sequencial com a versão paralela. / With the increasing of the functionality of integrated circuits, there is a consequent increase in the complexity of the design. The IC design flow includes the routing in one of its steps, which is to create wires that interconnect the circuit cells. Because of the complexity, routing is divided into global and detailed. The global routing of VLSI circuits is one of the most complex tasks in the flow of physical synthesis and it's classified as an NP-complete problem. In this work, a parallel computing techniques survey was applied to the VLSI global routing in order to accelerate the global routing processing analyzes. This analyzes was performed on the ISPD 2007/08 benchmark files. We proposed a method that groups the networks and then check for data dependence in each group based on these analyzes. This data dependency checking, we call this checking of collider, aims to create flow nets independent of each other for processing in parallel, or help implement the independent routing networks. The results demonstrate that this separation into groups, together with the competitor comparison of groups, can reduce 67x in the collider networks runtime compared with the sequential release and without the use of groups. It was also obtained a gain of 10x when comparing the version with sequential clusters with the parallel version.
6

Exploração de paralelismo no roteamento global de circuitos VLSI / Parallel computing exploitation applied for VLSI global routing

Tumelero, Diego January 2015 (has links)
Com o crescente aumento das funcionalidades dos circuitos integrados, existe um aumento consequente da complexidade do projeto dos mesmos. O fluxo de projeto de circuitos integrados inclui em um de seus passos o roteamento, que consiste em criar fios que interconectam as células do circuito. Devido à complexidade, o roteamento é dividido em global e detalhado. O roteamento global de circuitos VLSI é uma das tarefas mais complexas do fluxo de síntese física, sendo classificado como um problema NP-completo. Neste trabalho, além de realizar um levantamento de trabalhos que utilizam as principais técnicas de paralelismo com o objetivo de acelerar o processamento do roteamento global, foram realizadas análises nos arquivos de benchmark do ISPD 2007/08. Com base nestas análises foi proposto um método que agrupa as redes para então verificar a existência de dependência de dados em cada grupo. Esta verificação de dependência de dados, que chamamos neste trabalho de colisor, tem por objetivo, criar fluxos de redes independentes umas das outras para o processamento em paralelo, ou seja, ajudar a implementação do roteamento independente de redes. Os resultados demonstram que esta separação em grupos, aliada com a comparação concorrente dos grupos, podem reduzir em 67x o tempo de execução do colisor de redes se comparada com a versão sequencial e sem a utilização de grupos. Também foi obtido um ganho de 10x ao comparar a versão com agrupamentos sequencial com a versão paralela. / With the increasing of the functionality of integrated circuits, there is a consequent increase in the complexity of the design. The IC design flow includes the routing in one of its steps, which is to create wires that interconnect the circuit cells. Because of the complexity, routing is divided into global and detailed. The global routing of VLSI circuits is one of the most complex tasks in the flow of physical synthesis and it's classified as an NP-complete problem. In this work, a parallel computing techniques survey was applied to the VLSI global routing in order to accelerate the global routing processing analyzes. This analyzes was performed on the ISPD 2007/08 benchmark files. We proposed a method that groups the networks and then check for data dependence in each group based on these analyzes. This data dependency checking, we call this checking of collider, aims to create flow nets independent of each other for processing in parallel, or help implement the independent routing networks. The results demonstrate that this separation into groups, together with the competitor comparison of groups, can reduce 67x in the collider networks runtime compared with the sequential release and without the use of groups. It was also obtained a gain of 10x when comparing the version with sequential clusters with the parallel version.
7

Global Routing in VLSI: Algorithms, Theory, and Computation

Dickson, Chris 05 1900 (has links)
<p> Global routing in VLSI (very large scale integration) design is one of the most challenging discrete optimization problems in computational theory and practice. In this thesis, we present a polynomial time approximation algorithm for the global routing problem based on an integer programming formulation. The algorithm features a theoretical approximation bound, while ensuring all the routing demands are concurrently satisfied.</p> <p> We provide both a serial and a parallel implementation, as well as develop several heuristics to improve the quality of the solution and reduce running time. Our computational tests on a well-known benchmark set show that, combined with certain heuristics, our new algorithms perform very well compared with other integer programming approaches.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
8

Timing-Driven Routing in VLSI Physical Design Under Uncertainty

Samanta, Radhamanjari January 2013 (has links) (PDF)
The multi-net Global Routing Problem (GRP) in VLSI physical design is a problem of routing a set of nets subject to limited resources and delay constraints. Various state-of-the-art routers are available but their main focus is to optimize the wire length and minimize the over ow. However optimizing wire length do not necessarily meet timing constraints at the sink nodes. Also, in modern nano-meter scale VLSI process the consideration of process variations is a necessity for ensuring reasonable yield at the fab. In this work, we try to nd a fundamental strategy to address the timing-driven Steiner tree construction (i.e., the routing) problem subject to congestion constraints and process variation. For congestion mitigation, a gradient based concurrent approach (over all nets) of Erzin et. al., rather than the traditional (sequential) rip-and-reroute is adopted in or- der to propagate the timing/delay-driven property of the Steiner tree candidates. The existing sequential rip-up and reroute methods meet the over ow constraint locally but cannot propagate the timing constraint which is non-local in nature. We build on this approach to accommodate the variation-aware statistical delay/timing requirements. To further reduce the congestion, the cost function of the tree generation method is updated by adding history based congestion penalty to the base cost (delay). Iterative use of the timing-driven Steiner tree construction method and history based tree construction procedure generate a diverse pool of candidate Steiner trees for each net. The gradient algorithm picks one tree for each net from the pool of trees such that congestion is e ciently controlled. As the technology scales down, process variation makes process dependent param- eters like resistance, capacitance etc non-deterministic. As a result, Statistical Static Timing Analysis or SSTA has replaced the traditional static timing in nano-meter scale VLSI processes. However, this poses a challenge regarding the max/min-plus algebra of Dijkstra like approximation algorithm that builds the Steiner trees. A new approach based on distance between distributions for nding maximum/minimum at the nodes is presented in this thesis. Under this metric, the approximation algorithm for variation aware timing driven congestion constrained routing is shown to be provably tight and one order of magnitude faster than existing approaches (which are not tight) such as the MVERT. The results (mean value) of our variation aware router are quite close to the mean of the several thousand Monte Carlo simulations of the deterministic router, i.e the results converge in mean. Therefore, instead of running so many deterministic Monte Carlo simulations, we can generate an average design with a probability distribution reasonably close to that of the actual behaviour of the design by running the proposed statistical router only once and at a small fraction of the computational e ort involved in physical design in the nano regime VLSI. The above approximation algorithm is extended to local routing, especially non- Manhattan lambda routing which is increasingly being allowed by the recent VLSI tech- nology nodes. Here also, we can meet delay driven constraints better and keep related wire lengths reasonable.
9

Redução de congestionamento em roteamento global de circuitos VLSI / Techniques to reduce overflow in VLSI global routing phase

Nunes, Leandro de Morais January 2013 (has links)
O Roteamento Global é responsável pelo planejamento da distribuição dos meios de interconexão dentro da área do circuito. Dentro da fase do projeto de circuitos conhecida como Síntese Física, essa fase situa-se após a etapa de posicionamento, que define uma posição exata para cada célula do circuito, e antes da etapa de roteamento detalhado que irá definir uma posição para cada meio de interconexão. Os roteadores globais utilizam uma versão abstrata e simplificada do circuito, que agrega uma região e toda a capacidade de fios que esta região comporta, trabalhando com o planejamento dessas capacidades em relação a demanda de interconexão entre as células do circuito. Este trabalho, apresenta um conjunto de técnicas para delimitação e tratamento de áreas que possuem alta demanda por meios de interconexão em circuitos VLSI. As técnicas são aplicadas em duas fases do fluxo de rotamento global: a primeira é executada na fase de pré-roteamento, onde são identificadas as regiões que possuem alta demanda por interconexão, isto é, são destino ou origem de um número elevado fios em relação a sua capacidade de alocar meios de interconexão; a segunda etapa ocorre dentro da fase de roteamento iterativo, identificando e protegendo aquelas que regiões que possuem os níveis mais elevados de congestionamento. Para avaliar os impactos da aplicação das técnicas propostas, foi feita a implementação em um fluxo de roteamento global existente. A avaliação foi partir da extração de quatro métricas de roteamento global comumente utilizadas na literatura de síntese física, para análise de roteamento global: comprimento dos fios, valor total de congestionamento, máximo congestionamento de aresta e tempo de execução. A partir da execução de experimentos utilizando as técnicas, foi possível verificar ganhos de até 11% em redução do congestionamento total no circuito, em benchmarks para os quais ainda não se tem soluções válidas na literatura. Os tempos de execução obtiveram um redução de até 35%, quando comparados com a implementação usada como referência para aplicação das técnicas, o roteador GR-WL. Um dos efeitos colaterais da aplicação de técnicas de calibração de custos é o aumento do comprimento médio dos fios. Os resultados dos experimentos mostram que as técnicas propostas conseguem reduzir este efeito colateral para, no máximo, 1.39% de acordo com os benchmarks executados. / Global routing phase is responsible for the interconnect planning and distribution across the circuit area. During the integrated circuit project flow, the global routing is contained in the Physical Synthesis, after the placement, that is when the position of all circuit cells are defined, and before the detailed routing, when the position of all interonnection wires is realized. A simplified and abstrate version of the circuit routing area is used by the global router, that will agregate in a single vertex, an specific region of the circuit, that represents a bunch of interconnection with their total capacity. This work presents a set of techniques to delimit and threat areas that have high interconnection demand in VLSI circuits. These techniques are applied in two steps of the global routing flow: the first is executed during the initial routing, where the high interconnection demanding regions are identified. the second step is executed during the iterative routing, where the top offender regions are identified and heva their costs pre-allocated. In order to evaluate the impact of the proposed techniques, they are implemented in an existing global routing flow, and four metrics are collected: total wirelenght, execution time, total overflow and maximum overflow. Tha last two metrics will be different from zero just for the circuits that not have a valid solution. After the execution of the experiments it was possible to verify a reduction up to 11% in wirelenght, in some benchmarks that the literature do no have a valid solution. Furthermore, it was possible to verify a reduction up to 35% in the execution time, when compared to the reference implementation. Once we are including constraints in form of cost pre-allocation, it is possible to verify an wirelength increase in some cases. In this work, it was possible to observe a small presence of these side-effects, up to 1.39%, according to the executed benchmarks.
10

Roteamento global de circuitos VLSI / Global routing for VLSI circuits

Reimann, Tiago Jose January 2013 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta a implementação de um roteador global de circuitos integrados capaz de tratar os problemas de roteamento atuais, utilizando como referência para avaliação os circuitos de benchmark publicados durante as competições de roteamento global realizadas no ACM International Symposium on Physical Design 2007 e 2008. O roteador global desenvolvido utiliza como ferramenta principal a técnica de ripup and reroute associada às técnicas de roteamento monotônico e maze routing, ambas com grande histórico de uso nas ferramentas acadêmicas descritas também neste trabalho. O desenvolvimento da ferramenta também possui características diferenciadas e únicas, com um novo método de ordenamento das redes durante a fase de rip-up and reroute. Para a geração dos resultados foram definidas duas versões diferentes da ferramenta, sendo estas duas versões analisadas com duas diferentes técnicas de construção das árvores de roteamento, gerando no total quatro configurações da ferramenta. Como decisão de projeto, a versão principal utilizada no desenvolvimento e discussão dos resultados é a versão que prioriza a qualidade do roteamento, utilizando MSTs para construção das árvores de roteamento. Os resultados mostram que o roteador global desenvolvido é capaz de gerar resultados com boa qualidade mesmo sem fazer uso de técnicas de identificação de áreas de congestionamento, sem otimizações pós-roteamento e sem nenhuma forma de ajuste (tuning) para os diferentes circuitos de benchmark, apesar de ainda ter tempo de execução acima dos apresentados por outras ferramentas acadêmicas. O foco durante o processo de desenvolvimento e implementação da ferramenta foram os circuitos mais recentes, entretanto a ferramenta obteve ótimos resultados também para os circuitos publicados no ISPD 1998, gerando soluções com qualidade similar ou melhor que as reportadas na literatura. A diferença dos resultados deste trabalho em relação aos melhores resultados dos roteadores globais com código disponível, para circuitos 3D lançados no ISPD 2008 é de, em média, 1,78%1 na métrica de comprimento de fio sem considerar o custo das vias e de 15,56% considerando o custo da via como uma unidade de comprimento de fio (ISPD 2008), para a versão voltada a qualidade de roteamento. Já para a versão da ferramenta que busca a convergência o mais rápido possível a diferença foi de 3,39% e 16,32%, respectivamente. As maiores diferenças são encontradas nos circuitos mais difíceis de gerar uma solução sem violações. Isso mostra como as técnicas de identificação de região podem contribuir tanto para uma convergência mais rápida quanto para evitar que fios passem por rotas desnecessárias durante a fase de negociação. Na métrica que avalia as vias como custo de uma unidade de comprimento, os resultados obtidos apresentam em média 18,67% maior comprimento de fio que os melhores resultados da literatura, sendo que dois circuitos com solução sem violações2 apresentam resultado com violações utilizando a ferramenta desenvolvida neste trabalho. / This work describes the implementation of an integrated circuit global router capable of handling the current routing problems, using as a reference the evaluation of benchmark circuits from the two global routing contests held in ISPD 2007 and 2008. The developed global router uses rip-up and reroute as the main technique associated with monotonic and maze routing techniques, both with large history of use in academic tools, also described in this work. The tool also has distinctive and unique characteristics, with a new method of net ordering during the rip-up and reroute stage. In order to generate the results were defined two different versions of the tool analyzed with two different techniques of routing tree construction, generating a total of four configurations. As a design decision, the major version used in the development and discussion of results is the version that prioritizes the routing quality, using MSTs for tree construction. The results show that the global router developed is able to generate good results even without making use of techniques to identify congestion areas, without post-routing optimizations and without any form of tuning for the different benchmark circuits, despite having run time above other academic tools. The focus during the development and implementation of the tool were the newer circuits, however the tool also obtained excellent results for the circuits released in ISPD 1998, generating solutions with similar quality or better than those reported in the literature. The difference in the results of this work over the best results generated with the available code global routers for 3D circuits released in ISPD 2008 is, on average, 2.53% in wirelength metric without considering the cost of vias and 18.34% considering the cost of the vias as one wirelength unit (ISPD 2008), for the best routing quality version. As for the version of the tool that seeks convergence as soon as possible the difference was 3.82% and 17.03%, respectively. The largest differences were found in the most difficult circuits to generate a solution without violations. This shows how the techniques of congested region identification can contribute to both a faster convergence and to avoid unnecessary wire detours during the negotiation phase. In the metric that evaluates the cost of vias as one wirelength unit, the results show an average of 22.5% greater wirelength than the best results found in literature. Also, the developed global router was unable to find a violation free solution for two circuits that are known to have a violation free solution3.

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