The somatosensory corticothalamic (CT) circuit processes ascending sensory signals, and disruption to the balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I) within CT circuitry leads to absence seizures, sleep disorders, and attention deficits. E/I balance may be restored by independently modulating excitatory CT input to the ventral posteromedial (VPM) thalamus and inhibitory input to the VPM through the CT-thalamic reticular nucleus (nRT)-VPM pathway. This work revealed novel N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) nucleus-specific and frequency-dependent functional diversity in the somatosensory CT circuit. Specifically, these findings illustrate the different effects of NMDAR negative modulation in the nRT and the VPM, which offers a method to preferentially decrease high frequency excitatory CT input to the VPM while having no significant effect on nRT activity. These results demonstrate the potential of utilizing NMDAR selective modulators to decrease overall excitation within the somatosensory CT circuit. Further investigation is required to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, including where NMDARs are localized at CT synapses and the effect of positive NMDAR modulators on nRT and VPM activity. / Master of Science / The sensory gating mechanism helps our brain to select essential sensory information to process. Impairment of this sensory gating has been reported in epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. The somatosensory corticothalamic (CT) circuit oversea the sensory gating process by adjusting how much excitation and inhibition signals are integrated into the thalamus. Disruption of the balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I) within CT circuitry leads to the absence seizures, sleep disorders, and attention deficits. Our work revealed one of the glutamate receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), has nucleus-specific and frequency-dependent functional diversity in the somatosensory CT circuit. By targeting the different NMDAR subunits in the circuit, we were able to preferentially decrease high-frequency excitatory input to the thalamus while having no significant effect on inhibitory input. These results offer the potential to utilize NMDAR selective modulators to decrease overall excitation within the somatosensory CT circuit, which is useful to restore the disrupted E/I balance in the thalamus from a variety of neurological diseases. Further investigation is required to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.

Résumé: Les récepteurs du glutamate de type NMDA (NMDAR) sont des canaux ioniques impliqués dans les phénomènes de plasticité de la transmission synaptique dans le système nerveux central, des mécanismes supposés être à la base du développement neuronal, de l’apprentissage et de la formation de la mémoire. Les NMDAR forment des tétramères à la membrane plasmique, constitués de deux sous-unités obligatoires GluN1 et deux sous-unités variables GluN2 (GluN2A-D) ou GluN3. Dans le prosencéphale, les récepteurs comportant les sous-unités GluN2A (GluN2A-NMDAR) et GluN2B (GluN2B-NMDAR) sont les plus abondants et présentent des profils d’expression différents au cours du développement, les GluN2B-NMDAR étant fortement exprimés aux stades précoces tandis que l’expression des GluN2A-NMDAR augmente progressivement au cours du développement postnatal. Des contributions relatives de ces deux sous-types majoritaires de NMDAR aux propriétés de signalisation distinctes dépendent directement les phénomènes de plasticité neuronale, tels que l’adaptation des synapses glutamatergiques et des circuits neuronaux excitateurs. Bien que la régulation moléculaire des NMDAR ait fait l’objet d’intenses recherches ces dernières décennies, la localisation précise de ces deux sous-types de récepteurs dans la membrane postsynaptique demeurait méconnue. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons étudié la distribution des NMDAR à la surface de neurones d’hippocampe de rats en combinant deux techniques de microscopie de super-résolution - la microscopie de reconstruction optique stochastique directe (dSTORM) et la déplétion d’émission stimulée (STED) - permettant de dépasser la limite de résolution inhérente à la diffraction de la lumière. Ces techniques nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que les sous-types de récepteurs GluN2A- et GluN2B-NMDAR présentent une nano-organisation différente à la surface neuronale. En effet, ils sont organisés en structures nanoscopiques (nanodomaines) qui diffèrent en nombre, en surface et en morphologie, notamment au niveau des synapses. Au cours du développement, l’organisation membranaire des deux sous-types de NMDAR évolue, avec en particulier de profonds changements de distribution des GluN2A-NMDAR. De plus, cette organisation nanoscopique est impactée différemment par des modulations de l’interaction avec les protéines d’échafaudage à domaine PDZ ou de l’activité de la kinase CaMKII suivant le sous-type de NMDAR considéré. En effet, la réorganisation des GluN2A-NMDAR implique principalement des changements de nombre de récepteurs dans les nanodomaines sans modification de leur localisation, tandis que la réorganisation des GluN2B-NMDAR passe essentiellement par des modifications de localisation des nanodomaines sans changements du nombre de récepteurs qu’ils contiennent. Ainsi, les GluN2A- et GluN2B-NMDAR présentent des nano-organisations différentes dans la membrane postsynaptique, reposant vraisemblablement sur des voies de régulation et des complexes de signalisation distincts. / NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are a type of ion permeable channels playing critical roles in excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system by mediating different forms of synaptic plasticity, a mechanism thought to be the molecular basis of neuronal development, learning and memory formation. NMDARs form tetramers in the postsynaptic membrane, most generally associating two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two modulatory GluN2 (GluN2A-D) or GluN3 (GluN3A-B) subunits. In the hippocampus, the dominant GluN2 subunits are GluN2A and GluN2B, displaying different expression patterns, with GluN2B being highly expressed in early development while GluN2A levels increase gradually during postnatal development. In the forebrain, the plastic processes mediated by NMDARs, such as the adaptation of glutamate synapses and excitatory neuronal networks, mostly rely on the relative implication of GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDARs that have different signaling properties. Although the molecular regulation of synaptic NMDARs has been under intense investigation over the last decades, the exact topology of these two subtypes within the postsynaptic membrane has remained elusive. Here we used a combination of super-resolution microscopy techniques such as direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy to characterize the surface distribution of GluN2A- or GluN2B-containing NMDARs. Both dSTORM and STED microscopy, based on different principles, enable to overcome the resolution barrier due to the diffraction limit of light. Using these techniques, we here unveil a differential nanoscale organization of native GluN2A- and GluN2B-NMDARs in rat hippocampal neurons. Both NMDAR subtypes are organized in nanoscale structures (termed nanodomains) that differ in their number, area, and shape. These observed differences are also maintained in synaptic structures. During development of hippocampal cultures, the membrane organization of both NMDAR subtypes evolves, with marked changes for the topology of GluN2A-NMDARs. Furthermore, GluN2A- and GluN2B-NMDAR nanoscale organizations are differentially affected by alterations of either interactions with PDZ scaffold proteins or CaMKII activity. The regulation of GluN2A-NMDARs mostly implicates changes in the number of receptors in fixed nanodomains, whereas the regulation of GluN2B-NMDARs mostly implicates changes in the nanodomain topography with fixed numbers of receptors. Thus, GluN2A- and GluN2B-NMDARs have distinct organizations in the postsynaptic membrane, likely implicating different regulatory pathways and signaling complexes.