In this thesis, the behaviour of glued laminated timber combined with hardwood and softwood lamallae is investigated. The influence of hardwood in the tension and compression zone, in terms of strength and stiffness is evaluated.The basis of evaluation consists of determining the behaviour of beams with various combinations of hardwood solely in the tension zone along with beams with hardwood in the tension and compression zone. The influence of different amount of hardwood for both cases is studied my means of experimental and analytical methods.Experimental data attained by performing bending tests are evaluated for different combinations made from spruce and oak. By comparing the experimental and analytical data an increase in the strength and stiffness in various combinations is observed and potrayed which varies based on different wood species.

Este trabalho consiste no estudo teórico e experimental das emendas dentadas em madeira laminada colada (MLC), cujo objetivo principal é avaliar o método proposto no Projeto da Nova Norma Brasileira PNBR 7190 (1996) para a caracterização da MLC, com ênfase às emendas dentadas. As espécies de madeira estudadas foram o Pinus elliottii e o Eucalipto grandis e o adesivo utilizado foi o CASCOPHEN RS-216, à base de resorcinol, produzido pela Alba Química Indústria e Comércio Ltda. A emenda dentada usada no estudo foi a correspondente ao comprimento de 20 mm da DIN 68140, geometria esta adotada pelo parque produtor de MLC no país. Nos ensaios são avaliadas as resistências ao cisalhamento na lâmina de cola, a tração normal à lâmina de cola e a resistência a tração das emendas dentadas. O desempenho das ligações foi avaliado em função da relação entre os valores obtidos nos ensaios com madeira colada e madeira maciça, bem como pelo modo de ruptura dos mesmos. Como conclusão obteve-se que o processo de colagem adotado foi bem sucedido para todos as amostras de caracterização da MLC, independente da espécie de madeira e do tipo de ruptura obtido. O método proposto no Projeto da Nova Norma Brasileira PNBR 7190 (1996) mostrou-se adequado para a caracterização das propriedades de resistência da MLC. / This work consist in the theoretical and experimental study of finger joints in glued laminated timber (GLULAM), with main objective to evaluate the method proposed in the New Brazilian Draft Code PNBR 7190 (1996) to characterization of GLULAM, with emphasis to finger joints. The species of wood studied were the Pinus elliottii and Eucalipto grandis and the adhesive was the CASCOPHEN RS-216, resorcinol-based, produced by Alba Química Indústria e Comércio Ltda. The geometry of finger joint used in the study was the correspondent to DIN 68140, this is the adopted by producer park of GLULAM in the country. In the tests were evaluated the shear resistance of glue lamina, the perpendicular tension resistance of glue lamina and parallel to grain tension resistance of finger joints. The performance of jointing was evaluated as a function of the relation between the values obtained in the tests with glued wood and clear wood, as well as rupture mode. Concluding remarks that gluing process adopted was well successful to all specimens of wood specie and rupture mode. The method proposed by New Brazilian Draft Code PNBR 7190 (1996) is adequate to characterization of the resistance properties of GLULAM.

Este trabalho consiste no estudo teórico e experimental das emendas dentadas em madeira laminada colada (MLC), cujo objetivo principal é avaliar o método proposto no Projeto da Nova Norma Brasileira PNBR 7190 (1996) para a caracterização da MLC, com ênfase às emendas dentadas. As espécies de madeira estudadas foram o Pinus elliottii e o Eucalipto grandis e o adesivo utilizado foi o CASCOPHEN RS-216, à base de resorcinol, produzido pela Alba Química Indústria e Comércio Ltda. A emenda dentada usada no estudo foi a correspondente ao comprimento de 20 mm da DIN 68140, geometria esta adotada pelo parque produtor de MLC no país. Nos ensaios são avaliadas as resistências ao cisalhamento na lâmina de cola, a tração normal à lâmina de cola e a resistência a tração das emendas dentadas. O desempenho das ligações foi avaliado em função da relação entre os valores obtidos nos ensaios com madeira colada e madeira maciça, bem como pelo modo de ruptura dos mesmos. Como conclusão obteve-se que o processo de colagem adotado foi bem sucedido para todos as amostras de caracterização da MLC, independente da espécie de madeira e do tipo de ruptura obtido. O método proposto no Projeto da Nova Norma Brasileira PNBR 7190 (1996) mostrou-se adequado para a caracterização das propriedades de resistência da MLC. / This work consist in the theoretical and experimental study of finger joints in glued laminated timber (GLULAM), with main objective to evaluate the method proposed in the New Brazilian Draft Code PNBR 7190 (1996) to characterization of GLULAM, with emphasis to finger joints. The species of wood studied were the Pinus elliottii and Eucalipto grandis and the adhesive was the CASCOPHEN RS-216, resorcinol-based, produced by Alba Química Indústria e Comércio Ltda. The geometry of finger joint used in the study was the correspondent to DIN 68140, this is the adopted by producer park of GLULAM in the country. In the tests were evaluated the shear resistance of glue lamina, the perpendicular tension resistance of glue lamina and parallel to grain tension resistance of finger joints. The performance of jointing was evaluated as a function of the relation between the values obtained in the tests with glued wood and clear wood, as well as rupture mode. Concluding remarks that gluing process adopted was well successful to all specimens of wood specie and rupture mode. The method proposed by New Brazilian Draft Code PNBR 7190 (1996) is adequate to characterization of the resistance properties of GLULAM.

The thesis is focused on the application of the method FMECA process manufacturing whitewood glued profile. The aim of work is to describe the production, identify fault conditions and their consequences in the fractional sub-processes of production and the analysis of criticality propose measures to increase the reliability of achieving the required quality.

Quantum walks on graphs have been proven to be a useful tool in quantum algorithm construction for various problems. In this thesis we introduce a new type of continuous-time quantum walk on graphs called the quantum snake walk, the basis states of which are fixed-length paths (snakes) in the underlying graph. We first consider the quantum snake walk on the line. The analysis of the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian governing the walk reveals that most states initially localized in a segment on the line always remain in that same segment. However, there are exponentially small (in the length of the snake) fraction of states which move on the line as wave packets with momentum inversely proportional to the length of the snake. Next we show how an algorithm based on the quantum snake walk might be able to solve an extended version of the glued trees problem which asks to find a path connecting both roots of the glued trees graph. No efficient quantum algorithm solving this problem is known yet. For that reason we consider a specific extension of the glued trees graph and analyze how the quantum snake walk behaves on it. In particular we show that the quantum snake walk on the infinite binary tree, restricted to certain superpositions, in many aspects is very similar to the quantum snake walk on the line. We also argue why the quantum snake walk, initialized in certain superpositions on one side of the glued trees graph, after certain amount of time is likely to be found on the other side of the graph. This seems to be crucial if we want our algorithm to work.

Växjö university has together with Södra developed a new green-glued laminated beam, which to be used in a building system. To make a product of the beam it is desired to also develop a building system based on the beam. An important part of such a building system is the connections. The main aim of the thesis was to design a new beam-to-beam connection in for the new green-glued laminated boards. This thesis is about to develop and test a new connection for a beam-to-beam connection in the building system. The requirements set on the connection was that it should be used in an office building with a beam length of 6 m, the connection should be fast to assemble and invisible. The report thoroughly describes the conceptual design, the development and test of the connection. Five different types of connections were designed in the conceptual design phase. One of these connections fulfilled the requirements and was taken to the development and testing phase. Three versions of the connection were tested. The report describes how the green-glued laminated beams with the connections were tested in a testing machine until the failure occurs. The developed connection could fulfil the requirements set on the connection. One version of the connection was even stronger than the green-glued laminated beams.

Nowadays, timber is widely used in construction industry thanks to its availability and good properties. The use of solid (sawn) timber is not always proper since it is only available up to certain dimensions. Therefore, the so-called Engineered WoodProducts (EWPs) have been introduced to cope with the different design needs of structures. The Glued laminated Timber (glulam) is a type of EWPs that consists of smallsections of timber laminates glued together to form beams and columns. Glulam can be manufactured in almost any size and shape; it can also be tapered or notched. However, notching a beam at its end leads to a stress concentration at the re-entrantcorner of the notch due to the sudden change in the notched beam’s cross section. The concentration of shear and tensile stresses perpendicular to the grain can lead to a catastrophic brittle failure caused by the crack propagation from the notch corner. Crack opening due to tensile stresses perpendicular to grain is the most common failure at the notch corner and it is always taken into design consideration. However,shear component is usually exists and must be also considered in design to guarantee the safety of the structure. Currently, only the normal forces perpendicular to the beam’s axis are considered in the design of the reinforcement in design handbooks. The aim of this thesis was to study the structural behavior of notched glulam beams reinforced by adhered plywood panels and FRP. The carrying capacity of the notched glulam beams at their ends is the main subject of this thesis. In addition, a review of the notched beams design, reinforcements, and analysis theories are included. Experimental series of three point bending tests with notched glulam beams withdifferent configurations of reinforcement was carried out in lab. Deformations and forces were measured both with conventional techniques and with contact-free measurement systems - ARAMIS. On the other hand, a simple model of two dimensional plane stress element has been created of the unreinforced notchedbeam in ABAQUS. The normal and shear stresses were calculated for a horizontalpath of 100 mm in length starting from the notch tip. Afterwards, the mean stresseswere determined for the same path and have been used in calculations. The Mean Stress Approach has been adopted in the hand calculations to calculate the crack length and the failure load according to the ABAQUS model. Accordingly, the failure load was about 40 kN for the unreinforced beams. Also, Eurocode 5 has been used to calculate the failure load which gave a value of 20.2 kN for the unreinforced beams. The average maximum applied load in tests was 30 kN for the unreinforced beams while it reached about two and a half times this value for the CF-reinforced and the plywood-reinforced beams. / Tack vare sina goda egenskaper används trä i byggnadskonstruktioner i allt storeomfattning. Konstruktionsvirke (sågade trävaror) kan dock inte alltid användas pågrund av de begränsade dimensioner som finns tillgängliga. På grund av bl a dettahar ett flertal så kallade engineer wood products (EWP) utvecklats. Limträ är en typav EWP som består av sammanlimmade lameller som bygger upp tvärsnitt i balkareller pelare. Limträ kan tillverkas i nästan godtycklig storlek och form och kan enkeltförses med t ex urtag. Vid urtag i balkändar nära upplag uppstår högaspänningskoncentrationer vid urtagets horn på grund av geometrin. Koncentrationenav normalspänningar och skjuvspänningar kan leda till plötsligt brott på grund avsprickpropagering från urtagets hörn, något som måste tas hänsyn till viddimensionering. Dagens dimensioneringsmetoder är baserade på att man tar hänsyntill enbart normalspänningarna vinkelrät fiberriktningen.Målet med detta arbete har varit att studera beteendet hos limträbalkar med urtag vidupplag som förstärkts med fiberarmering eller plywood. Huvudmålet har varit attbestämma balkarnas bärförmåga, vilket skett genom att genomföra försök med olikakonfigurationer vad gäller förstärkningsmaterial och dess utformning. Vidare harolika dimensioneringsmetoder från litteraturen studerats.Kraft och förskjutning under provningarna uppmättes dels med traditionellamätmetoder, men deformationerna mättes även med beröringsfri metod, ARAMIS.En enkel tvådimensionell finit elementmodell skapades och analyserades i ABAQUSför analys av oförstärkt balk. Normalspänningar och skjuvspänningar beräknades ochmedelspänningarna längs en på förhand definierad sträcka beräknades.Medelspänningskriteriet användes sedan för att uppskatta balkens bärförmåga.Enligt FE-beräkningarna uppskattades bärförmågan för de oförstärkta balkarna till ca40 kN. Provningarna gav ett medelvärde på balkarnas bärförmåga på ca 30 kN,medan de förstärkta balkarna hade en 2,5 gånger högre bärförmåga. Skillnadenmellan FE-beräkningarna och provningarna kan förklaras med den osäkerhet somfinns vad gäller det aktuella trämaterialets egenskaper.Beräkningar enligt Eurokod 5 gav en karakteristisk bärförmåga på 20,2 kN.

Quantum walks on graphs have been proven to be a useful tool in quantum algorithm construction for various problems. In this thesis we introduce a new type of continuous-time quantum walk on graphs called the quantum snake walk, the basis states of which are fixed-length paths (snakes) in the underlying graph. We first consider the quantum snake walk on the line. The analysis of the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian governing the walk reveals that most states initially localized in a segment on the line always remain in that same segment. However, there are exponentially small (in the length of the snake) fraction of states which move on the line as wave packets with momentum inversely proportional to the length of the snake. Next we show how an algorithm based on the quantum snake walk might be able to solve an extended version of the glued trees problem which asks to find a path connecting both roots of the glued trees graph. No efficient quantum algorithm solving this problem is known yet. For that reason we consider a specific extension of the glued trees graph and analyze how the quantum snake walk behaves on it. In particular we show that the quantum snake walk on the infinite binary tree, restricted to certain superpositions, in many aspects is very similar to the quantum snake walk on the line. We also argue why the quantum snake walk, initialized in certain superpositions on one side of the glued trees graph, after certain amount of time is likely to be found on the other side of the graph. This seems to be crucial if we want our algorithm to work.

Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal estruturar um modelo para a cadeia produtiva do bambu laminado colado (BLC) e promover o seu fomento, tendo em vista que a sistematização desta cadeia ainda não existe no Brasil. Para tanto, o procedimento metodológico adotado para a pesquisa é de natureza exploratória, por proporcionar maior familiaridade com a atuação do design em contribuição ao desenvolvimento sustentável e com o ciclo da cadeia produtiva do BLC e seus produtos no país. O trabalho delineia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e estudos de caso, primeiramente para compor a fundamentação teórica da dissertação e para o resgate das informações necessárias para a elaboração do modelo de cadeia produtiva e, posteriormente, com a atuação junto aos agricultores do assentamento rural "Terra Nossa" e aos estudantes do curso de Design de Produtos da Unesp-Bauru. Com a pesquisa pode-se identificar quais são os aspectos positivos e negativos da cadeia produtiva do BLC que se inicia no Brasil, com destaque para o ambiente institucional, o mais evoluído, e o segmento de produção industrial, o mais defasado, havendo algumas iniciativas de comercialização de produtos em BLC e um crescimento no consumo. Com os casos estudados foi possível dar início à apropriação do conhecimento científico e tecnológico em torno da cadeia produtiva do BLC pelos agricultores do assentamento "Terra Nossa" e pelos estudantes de design da Unesp-Bauru, sendo que estes últimos também puderam desenvolver cinco projetos e um protótipo de móveis utilizando o BLC como material componente / Abstract: This study have the main's objective structuring a model for the productive chain of glued laminated bamboo (GLB) and perform its promotion, knowing that the systematization of this chain does not yet exist in Brazil. So, the methodological procedure adopted for the research is exploratory in nature, by providing greater familiarity with the role of design in sustainable development and contributing to the cycle of the productive chain of GLB and its products in the country. The work is delineated in research literature and case studies, firstly to compose the theoretical basis of the dissertation and for the redemption of the information necessary for drawing up the model of the production chain and subsequently with the action with farmers from rural settlement "Terra Nossa" and the action with the students of Product Design of Unesp-Bauru. In this research it can be identified positive and negative aspects of the production chain of GLB, that starts in Brazil, with emphasis on the institutional environment, as the most evolved and the segment of industrial production, as the most involute, in addition of some marketing initiatives of products in GLB and a growth in consumption. In the cases studied it was possible to start the ownership of scientific and technological knowledge on the productive chain of GLB by farmers of the settlement "Terra Nossa" and by students of the design at the Unesp-Bauru. They also developed five projects and one prototype of furnitures using GLB as material component / Orientador: Marco Antônio dos Reis Pereira / Coorientador: Paula da Cruz Landim / Banca: Antônio Ludovico Beraldo / Mestre

Orientador: Marcos Tadeu Tiburcio Gonçalves / Banca: Ricardo Marques Barreiros / Banca: Marcos Valério Ribeiro / Banca: João Batista Turrioni / Banca: Eduardo Mauro do Nascimento / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal, verificar o desempenho de juntas coladas de peças de Eucalyptus sp., submetidos à esforços de cisalhamento e à tração normal, em função da qualidade superficial dos planos da madeira colados e das superfícies usinadas em relação à posição dos anéis de crescimento da madeira, empregando-se dois adesivos de diferentes fabricantes, à base de Poli Acetato de Vinila (cola PVA). Os adesivos foram denominados por C1 e C2, sendo que o primeiro apresentava certa resistência à umidade enquanto que o segundo não. Na usinagem das superfícies da linha de colagem dos corpos de prova, foram empregadas as velocidades nominais de avanço „„ " para o processo de fresamento: 6,0 m/min; 11,0 m/min e 15,0 m/min, correspondendo, respectivamente aos avanços por dente "fz" da ferramenta de corte: 0,86 mm; 1,57 mm e 2,14 mm. Os corpos de prova confeccionados foram preparados para composições com linha de cola em diferentes planos em relação aos anéis de crescimento da madeira. Tais composições de planos resultaram nos seguintes conjuntos de superfícies coladas: R-R; R-T; T-T e RT-RT, sendo os mesmos submetidos a ensaios normatizados pela Norma ABNT - NBR 7190 para testes de resistência à ruptura na lâmina de cola por esforços de cisalhamento e por tração normal. Pôde-se inferir um melhor desempenho para uso do adesivo denominado por "C1" e melhor superfície de adesão para a velocidade de avanço intermediária de 11,0 m/min. Quanto aos diferentes planos de corte, os resultados sugerem que na média o plano T-T possui maior resistência ao cisalhamento e tração normal. No entanto, estudos futuros envolvendo a correlação entre a composição dos planos e a resistência mecânica, são necessários para conhecer a correlação entre estas importantes variáveis envolvidas no processo de usinagem da madeira. / Abstract: The present work aimed to check the Eucalyptus sp bonded joints parts performance, submitted to shear stress and tensile strength, depending on the surface quality of wood glued plans and the position relation of wood growth rings machined surfaces, using two different manufacturers adhesives, based on Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVA glue). The adhesives were named by C1 and C2, where the first one showed some resistance to moisture while the second one does not. In order to make the bonding line surface machining for the specimens, it was employed three nominal feed speeds called, „„ ", for the milling process: 6,0 m/min, 11,0 m/min and 15,0 m / min, corresponding respectively to the tooth advances "fz" cutting tool: 0,86 mm, 1,57 mm and 2,14 mm. The specimens were made for different compositions in the glue line at different relations on growth rings of wood levels. Such plans compositions resulted in the following glued surfaces sets: R-R, R-T, T-T and RT-RT, and subjected to the same standardized tests by ABNT - NBR 7190, for testing the strength for blade glue, it was chosen two tests: shear strain and tensile strength. It might be inferred for a better performance had obtained for the adhesive called "C1" and a better surface adhesion for intermediate feed speed of 11.0 m / min. The results suggest to different cutting plans on average, the TT plane had a higher resistance to shear and tensile strength. However, future studies involving the correlation between the composition and mechanical strength of the plans are required to know the correlation between these important variables involved in the wood machining. / Doutor