The Forestry Department at Mississippi State University has been contracted to design and test a novel beam to be used to create crossing platforms for cranes operating in muddy, swampy areas. To date, they have performed stress analyses on 30 beams, but their physical testing method requires costly amounts of material and man hours. It is theorized that the finite element method may be used as an alternative method of analysis in order to reduce costs. The focus of this study is to create models of tested beams using the finite element solver, ANSYS, and verify the accuracy of these models using the results of the Forestry Department’s physical testing.

Idag blir det allt vanligare med träbyggnader högre än två våningar. Detta tillsammans med en modern arkitektur som ger stora öppna planlösningar ställer höga krav på bjälklagen i träbyggnader. Problematiken med långa spännvidder för bjälklag i trä är att klara kraven för svikt och nedböjning. Dessa krav måste uppfyllas för att säkerställa funktioner hos andra byggdelar och för att människor inte ska uppleva att golvet sviktar eller vibrerar på ett obehagligt sätt. Ett träbjälklag bestående av limmade balkar av sidobräder har utvecklats. Bjälklaget är utformat av balkar med I-tvärsnitt i primärriktningen och rektangulära balktvärsnitt i sekundärriktningen. Examensarbetet omfattar laborativa provningar och beräkningar dels för att bestämma en böjelasticitetsmodul för varje enskild limmad balk och dels för att bestämma styvhetsegenskaperna för bjälklaget. De limmade träbalkarna ingår i ett forskningsprojekt vid Växjö universitet finansierat av KK-stiftelsen, som syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna att tillverka en konkurrenskraftig produkt genom att i grönt tillstånd (otorkat) limma ihop bräder från stockens yttre delar till balkar. Balkarna levererades limmade och hyvlade till universitet där en böjelasticitetsmodul först bestämdes för varje enskild balk. Därefter monterades balkarna ihop till ett fullskaligt bjälklag som provades med olika försöksuppställningar/lastfall varvid deformationen mättes upp. Dessa deformationer blir underlag för att bestämma bjälklagets styvhet. Böjstyvheten i primärriktningen uppgår till 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m enligt beräkningar baserade på laborativa resultat. Böjstyvheten i sekundärriktningen uppgår till 4,5 % av primärriktningens böjstyvhet, dvs. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att böjstyvheten är hög i båda riktningar i jämförelse med vanliga träbjälklag. / In Sweden it becomes more and more common with wood buildings higher than two floors. This along with a modern architecture that gives big open plan solutions sets high requirements on the floor systems in wood buildings. The complexes of problems with long spans for floor systems in wood are to match the requirements for elasticity and deformation. These requirements must be met in order to ensure functions of other construction components, and not be unpleasant for people to walk on with respect to vibrations. A wooden floor system consisting of green glued side wood sections has been developed. The floor system is made with I-profiled beams in the primary direction and rectangular cross-sections in the secondary direction. This diploma work is based on that through elaborative testing and numeric calculations to decide the stiffness properties for each individual green glued side wood section and for the floor system. The glued side wood sections are included in a project at Växjö University, which is financed by the KK-foundation. The sections were delivered glued and planed to the university where the stiffness properties were first determinded for each individual section. Then, the sections were assembled to one fully sized floor system that was exposed to different experiments as the deformation was measured. These deformations were later used in order to decide the stiffness of the floor system. The stiffness in the primary direction was prescribed to 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m after calculations using results from the tests. The stiffness in the secondary direction amounts to 4,5% of the primary directions stiffness, i e. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. To sum up, one can say that the stiffness is high in both directions compared to regular wooden floor systems.

<p>Idag blir det allt vanligare med träbyggnader högre än två våningar. Detta tillsammans med en modern arkitektur som ger stora öppna planlösningar ställer höga krav på bjälklagen i träbyggnader. Problematiken med långa spännvidder för bjälklag i trä är att klara kraven för svikt och nedböjning. Dessa krav måste uppfyllas för att säkerställa funktioner hos andra byggdelar och för att människor inte ska uppleva att golvet sviktar eller vibrerar på ett obehagligt sätt.</p><p>Ett träbjälklag bestående av limmade balkar av sidobräder har utvecklats. Bjälklaget är utformat av balkar med I-tvärsnitt i primärriktningen och rektangulära balktvärsnitt i sekundärriktningen. Examensarbetet omfattar laborativa provningar och beräkningar dels för att bestämma en böjelasticitetsmodul för varje enskild limmad balk och dels för att bestämma styvhetsegenskaperna för bjälklaget.</p><p>De limmade träbalkarna ingår i ett forskningsprojekt vid Växjö universitet finansierat av KK-stiftelsen, som syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna att tillverka en konkurrenskraftig produkt genom att i grönt tillstånd (otorkat) limma ihop bräder från stockens yttre delar till balkar. Balkarna levererades limmade och hyvlade till universitet där en böjelasticitetsmodul först bestämdes för varje enskild balk. Därefter monterades balkarna ihop till ett fullskaligt bjälklag som provades med olika försöksuppställningar/lastfall varvid deformationen mättes upp. Dessa deformationer blir underlag för att bestämma bjälklagets styvhet.</p><p>Böjstyvheten i primärriktningen uppgår till 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m enligt beräkningar baserade på laborativa resultat. Böjstyvheten i sekundärriktningen uppgår till 4,5 % av primärriktningens böjstyvhet, dvs. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att böjstyvheten är hög i båda riktningar i jämförelse med vanliga träbjälklag.</p> / <p>In Sweden it becomes more and more common with wood buildings higher than two floors. This along with a modern architecture that gives big open plan solutions sets high requirements on the floor systems in wood buildings. The complexes of problems with long spans for floor systems in wood are to match the requirements for elasticity and deformation. These requirements must be met in order to ensure functions of other construction components, and not be unpleasant for people to walk on with respect to vibrations.</p><p>A wooden floor system consisting of green glued side wood sections has been developed. The floor system is made with I-profiled beams in the primary direction and rectangular cross-sections in the secondary direction. This diploma work is based on that through elaborative testing and numeric calculations to decide the stiffness properties for each individual green glued side wood section and for the floor system.</p><p>The glued side wood sections are included in a project at Växjö University, which is financed by the KK-foundation. The sections were delivered glued and planed to the university where the stiffness properties were first determinded for each individual section. Then, the sections were assembled to one fully sized floor system that was exposed to different experiments as the deformation was measured. These deformations were later used in order to decide the stiffness of the floor system.</p><p>The stiffness in the primary direction was prescribed to 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m after calculations using results from the tests. The stiffness in the secondary direction amounts to 4,5% of the primary directions stiffness, i e. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. To sum up, one can say that the stiffness is high in both directions compared to regular wooden floor systems.</p>

Baigiamajame magistro darbe aptarti klijuotosios medienos su įklijuotaisiais plieniniais strypais privalumai bei trūkumai, jų panaudojimas ir taikymas statybos pramonėje. Atlikta plieno strypų, įklijuotų medienoje išilgai, skersai ir kampu į medienos pluoštus, teorinių skaičiavimų pagal Europos ir Rusijos normas metodikų analizė. Atlikti teoriniai standžios sijos jungties su įklijuotaisiais plieniniais strypais skaičiavimai. Išanalizuota bandymų metodika. Tiriamojoje dalyje atlikti šie eksperimentiniai bandymai: armatūros strypų takumo įtempių nustatymas; medienos tankio ir drėgnio nustatymas; strypų, įklijuotų medienoje išilgai, skersai ir 45o kampu į medienos pluoštus gniuždymo bandymai; sijos standžios jungties su įklijuotaisiais plieniniais strypais bandymas. Nustatyti esminiai rodikliai, veikiantys bandymų rezultatus, irimo pobūdžiai bei elgsena bandymų metu. Skaičiavimų rezultatai palyginti su eksperimentinių bandymų metu išbandytais natūralaus dydžio bandinių rezultatais. Darbe pateikti, įvertinti ir išanalizuoti teoriniai ir eksperimentiniai rezultatai, jų skirtumai. Pateiktos rekomendacijos ir pasiūlymai skaičiavimų metodikų tobulinimui ir praktiniam įklijuotųjų plieno strypų medienoje panaudojimui. / In this master degree paper are discussed advantages and imperfections, practice and use in construction industry of glulam with glued-in steel rods. Theoretical calculations analysis according to Eurocode and Russian standards of glued-in steel rods parallel, perpendicular and at an angle to the grain were made. Theoretical calculations of rigid joint glulam beam with glued-in steel bars were made. Tests methods were analyzed. In the part of the researches these tests were made: yield stress evaluation test of steel rods; moisture and density evaluation tests of wood; parallel, perpendicular ant at an 45 o angle to the grain compression tests of the glued-in steel rods; rigid joint of the glulam beam with glued-in steel rods test. Fundamental factors, which have influence to the results of the tests, character of the disruptions and the behavior of elements during the experiments were defined. The results of the calculations were compared with the results of tests in which natural size specimens were tried. In this work the results of theoretical calculations and experimental tests are proposed, evaluated and analyzed. The reasons of divergence in results are indicated. Recommendations and suggestions how to improve the methods of calculations and for better use the glued-in steel rods in the practice were offered.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamas poligrafijos produkcijos (knygų) suklijavimo stipris. Aprašomas besiūlio ir klijinio įrišimo specifiškumas, klijavimo mašinų parametrai, naudotų spaustuvės popierių techninės charakteristikos. Darbe yra lyginami dviejų įrišimo technologijų suklijavimo stiprumai, tiriama suklijavimo stiprumo priklausomybė nuo popieriaus gramatūros, popieriaus šiurkštumo ir popieriaus blizgumo. Gauti rezultatai buvo pateikti histogramomis, kurios analizuojamos pasitelkiant statistinius metodus. Remiantis gautais rezultatais buvo nustatytos įrišimo stiprumo priklausomybės nuo popieriaus gramatūros, šiurkštumo ir blizgumo. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, tyrimų metodika, rezultatai ir jų aptarimas, išvados ir rekomendacijos, literatūros sąrašas, priedai. Darbo apimtis – 69 p. teksto be priedų, 14 lentelių, 39 iliustracijos, 12 bibliografinių šaltinių. Darbo priedai pridedami darbo pabaigoje. / In the master thesis is investigated the strength of glued printed products – books. Specifics of two methods of adhesive binding, binding equipment and printing papers are described. The binding strength of books bound using two binding methods is compared, the influence of paper grammage, paper roughness and gloss is investigated. Results are presented as histograms and analyzed using statistical methods. The dependence of the binding strength on paper grammage, roughness and gloss is determined. Structure: 7 parts - introduction, publications review, investigation methods, results, results discussion, conclusions and recommendations, references, appendixes. Thesis consists of: 69 pp. of text without appendixes, 39 figures, 14 tables, 12 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Apesar da versatilidade da madeira, seu emprego fica, às vezes, dificultado por não serem totalmente conhecidas as suas propriedades e seu desempenho em diferentes condições de serviço. Neste trabalho, procura-se contribuir para um melhor aproveitamento das espécies tropicais alternativas, em especial no emprego para produção de elementos estruturais de madeira laminada colada, uma vez que o Brasil possui grande potencial dessas espécies, mas ainda sub-utilizadas. Neste contexto, realiza-se a determinação das propriedades físicas, de resistência e de rigidez de algumas espécies e determinam-se também as rigidezes de elementos estruturais obtidos da espécie cujos corpos-de-prova apresentam os melhores resultados. Ensaiam-se vigas montadas com dois tipos de adesivos, duas intensidades de pressão e duas distribuições de lâminas. Adota-se a metodologia experimental recomendada no ANEXO B da NBR 7190:1997 - Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira, da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). Analisam-se os resultados obtidos a partir de conceitos estatísticos. A espécie Cedrinho (Erisma sp) apresentou as melhores respostas, das quais pode-se concluir que os adesivos Cascophen e à base de mamona não influenciaram as propriedades de rigidez das vigas, o mesmo acontecendo para as duas intensidades de pressão, 0,8 MPa e 1,2 MPa. As propriedades de rigidez das vigas de MLC podem ser influenciadas pela distribuição das lâminas ao longo da altura da seção transversal / Despite the wood versatility, its application is, sometimes, difficult because of its properties and performances under differents work conditions are not completely known. The present work seeks to contribute for a better utilization of the alternative tropical wood species, especially in the employment to the production of structural elements of glued laminated timber, once that Brazil has a great potential of these species which are under applicated. In this context, the determination of the physical properties, the strength and the stiffness of some alternative tropical species are realized, and the stiffness of structural elements made of the specie which presented the best results in specimens tests are determinated. Beams are tested with two adhesives classes, two pressure intensities and two ways of lamination. Experimental methods suggested in ANEXO B, NBR 7190:1997 – Timber Structures Design (Brazilian Technical Codes Association) were used. The specie Cedrinho (Erisma sp) presents the best results, and conclusions are made: Cascophen and castor oil adhesives did not influence the beams stiffness properties; the same thing happens for the two pressure intensities, 0,8 MPa and 1,2 MPa. The glulam beams stiffness properties can be influenced by the ways of lamination

Glued connections are relatively new in structural timber engineering. They are expected to show high connection stiffness as well as a high connection strength compared to mechanical connections e.g. dowel‐type connections.The main aim of this thesis is to characterize the behavior of glued timber connections under pure tension by conducting experiments as well as numerical simulations. Hereby the influence of different parameters is studied such as the geometry (bond-line length and thickness) and the material properties (e.g. adhesives of highly diverse stiffness). Additionally, reference tests on a dowel-type connection are made. The purpose is to see the differences between dowelled and glued connections and to see if there are some advantages in using glued timber connections (the base geometry was chosen acc. to Eurocode 5).Finite element models were created in the software ABAQUS. The models were used to predict the connection stiffness and compare this to the experimental results. In addition, parametric studies were performed on e.g. overlapping lengths. The comparison between experiments and simulations showed good agreement.It was found that glued connections with the adhesives SikaPower-4720 and SikaFast-5215 NT (an epoxy and an acrylate, respectively) had higher stiffness than the dowel connections, whereas connections with the silicone adhesive SikaSil SG-500 had a lower stiffness. A general conclusion drawn from this work is that the glued timber connections simulated in this project should also be suitable for application to complex connections and situations involving other loading situations than pure tension.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 deconti_ac_dr_guara.pdf: 1603646 bytes, checksum: b7821c8b7d214aede262dc86531443fd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal, verificar o desempenho de juntas coladas de peças de Eucalyptus sp., submetidos à esforços de cisalhamento e à tração normal, em função da qualidade superficial dos planos da madeira colados e das superfícies usinadas em relação à posição dos anéis de crescimento da madeira, empregando-se dois adesivos de diferentes fabricantes, à base de Poli Acetato de Vinila (cola PVA). Os adesivos foram denominados por C1 e C2, sendo que o primeiro apresentava certa resistência à umidade enquanto que o segundo não. Na usinagem das superfícies da linha de colagem dos corpos de prova, foram empregadas as velocidades nominais de avanço „„ ” para o processo de fresamento: 6,0 m/min; 11,0 m/min e 15,0 m/min, correspondendo, respectivamente aos avanços por dente “fz” da ferramenta de corte: 0,86 mm; 1,57 mm e 2,14 mm. Os corpos de prova confeccionados foram preparados para composições com linha de cola em diferentes planos em relação aos anéis de crescimento da madeira. Tais composições de planos resultaram nos seguintes conjuntos de superfícies coladas: R-R; R-T; T-T e RT-RT, sendo os mesmos submetidos a ensaios normatizados pela Norma ABNT - NBR 7190 para testes de resistência à ruptura na lâmina de cola por esforços de cisalhamento e por tração normal. Pôde-se inferir um melhor desempenho para uso do adesivo denominado por “C1” e melhor superfície de adesão para a velocidade de avanço intermediária de 11,0 m/min. Quanto aos diferentes planos de corte, os resultados sugerem que na média o plano T-T possui maior resistência ao cisalhamento e tração normal. No entanto, estudos futuros envolvendo a correlação entre a composição dos planos e a resistência mecânica, são necessários para conhecer a correlação entre estas importantes variáveis envolvidas no processo de usinagem da madeira. / The present work aimed to check the Eucalyptus sp bonded joints parts performance, submitted to shear stress and tensile strength, depending on the surface quality of wood glued plans and the position relation of wood growth rings machined surfaces, using two different manufacturers adhesives, based on Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVA glue). The adhesives were named by C1 and C2, where the first one showed some resistance to moisture while the second one does not. In order to make the bonding line surface machining for the specimens, it was employed three nominal feed speeds called, „„ ”, for the milling process: 6,0 m/min, 11,0 m/min and 15,0 m / min, corresponding respectively to the tooth advances fz cutting tool: 0,86 mm, 1,57 mm and 2,14 mm. The specimens were made for different compositions in the glue line at different relations on growth rings of wood levels. Such plans compositions resulted in the following glued surfaces sets: R-R, R-T, T-T and RT-RT, and subjected to the same standardized tests by ABNT - NBR 7190, for testing the strength for blade glue, it was chosen two tests: shear strain and tensile strength. It might be inferred for a better performance had obtained for the adhesive called C1 and a better surface adhesion for intermediate feed speed of 11.0 m / min. The results suggest to different cutting plans on average, the TT plane had a higher resistance to shear and tensile strength. However, future studies involving the correlation between the composition and mechanical strength of the plans are required to know the correlation between these important variables involved in the wood machining.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barelli_bgp_me_bauru.pdf: 2233218 bytes, checksum: d606b4d71bf6cc8b6c472d4403adc622 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal estruturar um modelo para a cadeia produtiva do bambu laminado colado (BLC) e promover o seu fomento, tendo em vista que a sistematização desta cadeia ainda não existe no Brasil. Para tanto, o procedimento metodológico adotado para a pesquisa é de natureza exploratória, por proporcionar maior familiaridade com a atuação do design em contribuição ao desenvolvimento sustentável e com o ciclo da cadeia produtiva do BLC e seus produtos no país. O trabalho delineia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e estudos de caso, primeiramente para compor a fundamentação teórica da dissertação e para o resgate das informações necessárias para a elaboração do modelo de cadeia produtiva e, posteriormente, com a atuação junto aos agricultores do assentamento rural “Terra Nossa” e aos estudantes do curso de Design de Produtos da Unesp-Bauru. Com a pesquisa pode-se identificar quais são os aspectos positivos e negativos da cadeia produtiva do BLC que se inicia no Brasil, com destaque para o ambiente institucional, o mais evoluído, e o segmento de produção industrial, o mais defasado, havendo algumas iniciativas de comercialização de produtos em BLC e um crescimento no consumo. Com os casos estudados foi possível dar início à apropriação do conhecimento científico e tecnológico em torno da cadeia produtiva do BLC pelos agricultores do assentamento “Terra Nossa” e pelos estudantes de design da Unesp-Bauru, sendo que estes últimos também puderam desenvolver cinco projetos e um protótipo de móveis utilizando o BLC como material componente / This study have the main's objective structuring a model for the productive chain of glued laminated bamboo (GLB) and perform its promotion, knowing that the systematization of this chain does not yet exist in Brazil. So, the methodological procedure adopted for the research is exploratory in nature, by providing greater familiarity with the role of design in sustainable development and contributing to the cycle of the productive chain of GLB and its products in the country. The work is delineated in research literature and case studies, firstly to compose the theoretical basis of the dissertation and for the redemption of the information necessary for drawing up the model of the production chain and subsequently with the action with farmers from rural settlement Terra Nossa and the action with the students of Product Design of Unesp-Bauru. In this research it can be identified positive and negative aspects of the production chain of GLB, that starts in Brazil, with emphasis on the institutional environment, as the most evolved and the segment of industrial production, as the most involute, in addition of some marketing initiatives of products in GLB and a growth in consumption. In the cases studied it was possible to start the ownership of scientific and technological knowledge on the productive chain of GLB by farmers of the settlement Terra Nossa and by students of the design at the Unesp-Bauru. They also developed five projects and one prototype of furnitures using GLB as material component

Apesar da versatilidade da madeira, seu emprego fica, às vezes, dificultado por não serem totalmente conhecidas as suas propriedades e seu desempenho em diferentes condições de serviço. Neste trabalho, procura-se contribuir para um melhor aproveitamento das espécies tropicais alternativas, em especial no emprego para produção de elementos estruturais de madeira laminada colada, uma vez que o Brasil possui grande potencial dessas espécies, mas ainda sub-utilizadas. Neste contexto, realiza-se a determinação das propriedades físicas, de resistência e de rigidez de algumas espécies e determinam-se também as rigidezes de elementos estruturais obtidos da espécie cujos corpos-de-prova apresentam os melhores resultados. Ensaiam-se vigas montadas com dois tipos de adesivos, duas intensidades de pressão e duas distribuições de lâminas. Adota-se a metodologia experimental recomendada no ANEXO B da NBR 7190:1997 - Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira, da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). Analisam-se os resultados obtidos a partir de conceitos estatísticos. A espécie Cedrinho (Erisma sp) apresentou as melhores respostas, das quais pode-se concluir que os adesivos Cascophen e à base de mamona não influenciaram as propriedades de rigidez das vigas, o mesmo acontecendo para as duas intensidades de pressão, 0,8 MPa e 1,2 MPa. As propriedades de rigidez das vigas de MLC podem ser influenciadas pela distribuição das lâminas ao longo da altura da seção transversal / Despite the wood versatility, its application is, sometimes, difficult because of its properties and performances under differents work conditions are not completely known. The present work seeks to contribute for a better utilization of the alternative tropical wood species, especially in the employment to the production of structural elements of glued laminated timber, once that Brazil has a great potential of these species which are under applicated. In this context, the determination of the physical properties, the strength and the stiffness of some alternative tropical species are realized, and the stiffness of structural elements made of the specie which presented the best results in specimens tests are determinated. Beams are tested with two adhesives classes, two pressure intensities and two ways of lamination. Experimental methods suggested in ANEXO B, NBR 7190:1997 – Timber Structures Design (Brazilian Technical Codes Association) were used. The specie Cedrinho (Erisma sp) presents the best results, and conclusions are made: Cascophen and castor oil adhesives did not influence the beams stiffness properties; the same thing happens for the two pressure intensities, 0,8 MPa and 1,2 MPa. The glulam beams stiffness properties can be influenced by the ways of lamination