Idag blir det allt vanligare med träbyggnader högre än två våningar. Detta tillsammans med en modern arkitektur som ger stora öppna planlösningar ställer höga krav på bjälklagen i träbyggnader. Problematiken med långa spännvidder för bjälklag i trä är att klara kraven för svikt och nedböjning. Dessa krav måste uppfyllas för att säkerställa funktioner hos andra byggdelar och för att människor inte ska uppleva att golvet sviktar eller vibrerar på ett obehagligt sätt. Ett träbjälklag bestående av limmade balkar av sidobräder har utvecklats. Bjälklaget är utformat av balkar med I-tvärsnitt i primärriktningen och rektangulära balktvärsnitt i sekundärriktningen. Examensarbetet omfattar laborativa provningar och beräkningar dels för att bestämma en böjelasticitetsmodul för varje enskild limmad balk och dels för att bestämma styvhetsegenskaperna för bjälklaget. De limmade träbalkarna ingår i ett forskningsprojekt vid Växjö universitet finansierat av KK-stiftelsen, som syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna att tillverka en konkurrenskraftig produkt genom att i grönt tillstånd (otorkat) limma ihop bräder från stockens yttre delar till balkar. Balkarna levererades limmade och hyvlade till universitet där en böjelasticitetsmodul först bestämdes för varje enskild balk. Därefter monterades balkarna ihop till ett fullskaligt bjälklag som provades med olika försöksuppställningar/lastfall varvid deformationen mättes upp. Dessa deformationer blir underlag för att bestämma bjälklagets styvhet. Böjstyvheten i primärriktningen uppgår till 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m enligt beräkningar baserade på laborativa resultat. Böjstyvheten i sekundärriktningen uppgår till 4,5 % av primärriktningens böjstyvhet, dvs. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att böjstyvheten är hög i båda riktningar i jämförelse med vanliga träbjälklag. / In Sweden it becomes more and more common with wood buildings higher than two floors. This along with a modern architecture that gives big open plan solutions sets high requirements on the floor systems in wood buildings. The complexes of problems with long spans for floor systems in wood are to match the requirements for elasticity and deformation. These requirements must be met in order to ensure functions of other construction components, and not be unpleasant for people to walk on with respect to vibrations. A wooden floor system consisting of green glued side wood sections has been developed. The floor system is made with I-profiled beams in the primary direction and rectangular cross-sections in the secondary direction. This diploma work is based on that through elaborative testing and numeric calculations to decide the stiffness properties for each individual green glued side wood section and for the floor system. The glued side wood sections are included in a project at Växjö University, which is financed by the KK-foundation. The sections were delivered glued and planed to the university where the stiffness properties were first determinded for each individual section. Then, the sections were assembled to one fully sized floor system that was exposed to different experiments as the deformation was measured. These deformations were later used in order to decide the stiffness of the floor system. The stiffness in the primary direction was prescribed to 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m after calculations using results from the tests. The stiffness in the secondary direction amounts to 4,5% of the primary directions stiffness, i e. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. To sum up, one can say that the stiffness is high in both directions compared to regular wooden floor systems.

<p>Idag blir det allt vanligare med träbyggnader högre än två våningar. Detta tillsammans med en modern arkitektur som ger stora öppna planlösningar ställer höga krav på bjälklagen i träbyggnader. Problematiken med långa spännvidder för bjälklag i trä är att klara kraven för svikt och nedböjning. Dessa krav måste uppfyllas för att säkerställa funktioner hos andra byggdelar och för att människor inte ska uppleva att golvet sviktar eller vibrerar på ett obehagligt sätt.</p><p>Ett träbjälklag bestående av limmade balkar av sidobräder har utvecklats. Bjälklaget är utformat av balkar med I-tvärsnitt i primärriktningen och rektangulära balktvärsnitt i sekundärriktningen. Examensarbetet omfattar laborativa provningar och beräkningar dels för att bestämma en böjelasticitetsmodul för varje enskild limmad balk och dels för att bestämma styvhetsegenskaperna för bjälklaget.</p><p>De limmade träbalkarna ingår i ett forskningsprojekt vid Växjö universitet finansierat av KK-stiftelsen, som syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna att tillverka en konkurrenskraftig produkt genom att i grönt tillstånd (otorkat) limma ihop bräder från stockens yttre delar till balkar. Balkarna levererades limmade och hyvlade till universitet där en böjelasticitetsmodul först bestämdes för varje enskild balk. Därefter monterades balkarna ihop till ett fullskaligt bjälklag som provades med olika försöksuppställningar/lastfall varvid deformationen mättes upp. Dessa deformationer blir underlag för att bestämma bjälklagets styvhet.</p><p>Böjstyvheten i primärriktningen uppgår till 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m enligt beräkningar baserade på laborativa resultat. Böjstyvheten i sekundärriktningen uppgår till 4,5 % av primärriktningens böjstyvhet, dvs. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att böjstyvheten är hög i båda riktningar i jämförelse med vanliga träbjälklag.</p> / <p>In Sweden it becomes more and more common with wood buildings higher than two floors. This along with a modern architecture that gives big open plan solutions sets high requirements on the floor systems in wood buildings. The complexes of problems with long spans for floor systems in wood are to match the requirements for elasticity and deformation. These requirements must be met in order to ensure functions of other construction components, and not be unpleasant for people to walk on with respect to vibrations.</p><p>A wooden floor system consisting of green glued side wood sections has been developed. The floor system is made with I-profiled beams in the primary direction and rectangular cross-sections in the secondary direction. This diploma work is based on that through elaborative testing and numeric calculations to decide the stiffness properties for each individual green glued side wood section and for the floor system.</p><p>The glued side wood sections are included in a project at Växjö University, which is financed by the KK-foundation. The sections were delivered glued and planed to the university where the stiffness properties were first determinded for each individual section. Then, the sections were assembled to one fully sized floor system that was exposed to different experiments as the deformation was measured. These deformations were later used in order to decide the stiffness of the floor system.</p><p>The stiffness in the primary direction was prescribed to 17,55 x 1012 Nmm2/m after calculations using results from the tests. The stiffness in the secondary direction amounts to 4,5% of the primary directions stiffness, i e. 0,79 x 1012 Nmm2/m. To sum up, one can say that the stiffness is high in both directions compared to regular wooden floor systems.</p>

This work has as main objective to analyze the influence of the ceramic block geometry in the mechanical performance of the structural masonry, under centered compression, when mortars with resistance varied are used. Two types of ceramic blocks geometries are studied: one with drained walls (BPV) and the other with solid walls (BPM), possessing approximate resistances of 30MPa, in relation to their liquid area; also four mortar lines with resistances between 4MPa and 17Mpa were used. The experimental program includes the following compression essays: units, prisms and small walls, in which five prisms of two and three overlapping rows and four small walls of two and half blocks were made by 4 height rows. Also, the module of elasticity, so much for the mortars, blocks and prisms, as for the small walls was obtained. Among the several essayed combinations, the variance analysis of the samples submitted to the compression was made. Based on the analysis of the results, it may be concluded that the BPM block, is more efficient for the use in structural masonry than the BPV one, when an increment in the resistance of the masonry is needed, increasing the mortar resistance; that efficiency may be defined in the relation of the prisms resistance (two and three blocks) and of the small walls by the block. The small walls built with BPM blocks present a significant capacity to absorb strains, when high resistance mortar is used (the one used in this work); as for the BPV block, that difference was not so expressive. Therefore, the use of placement mortar with those resistances may potentiate the ceramic blocks masonry, depending on the geometry and the mechanical properties of the adopted blocks. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a influência da geometria do bloco cerâmico no desempenho mecânico da alvenaria estrutural, sob compressão centrada, quando utilizadas argamassas com resistências variadas. Estudam-se dois tipos de geometrias de blocos cerâmicos: uma de paredes vazadas (BPV) e outra com paredes maciças (BPM), possuindo resistências aproximadas de 30MPa em relação a área líquida dos mesmos; também foram utilizados quatro traços de argamassa com resistências entre 4MPa e 17MPa. O programa experimental abrange os seguintes ensaios de compressão: unidades, prismas e pequenas paredes. Foram confeccionados cinco prismas de duas e três fiadas sobrepostas e quatro pequenas paredes de dois blocos e meio por quatro fiadas de altura. Também foi obtido o módulo de elasticidade, tanto para as argamassas, blocos e prismas, quanto para as pequenas paredes. Entre as várias combinações ensaiadas, foi feito a análise de variância das amostras submetida à compressão. Com base na análise dos resultados, pode-se concluir que o bloco BPM é mais eficiente para o uso em alvenaria estrutural do que o BPV, quando se necessita um acréscimo na resistência da alvenaria, aumenta-se a resistência da argamassa, essa eficiência pode ser definida na relação da resistência dos prismas (dois e três blocos) e das pequenas paredes pela do bloco. As pequenas paredes construídas com blocos BPM apresentam uma significativa capacidade de absorver esforços, quando utilizada argamassa com resistência elevada (adotada nesse trabalho); quanto ao bloco BPV, essa diferença não foi tão expressiva. Sendo assim, a utilização de argamassa de assentamento com essas resistências pode potencializar a alvenaria de blocos cerâmicos, dependendo da geometria e das propriedades mecânicas dos blocos adotados.

In the theoretical part of the thesis, different methods of testing frost susceptibility in the Czech Republic and other countries of the European Union are compared. The practical part of the thesis deals with laboratory testing of frost susceptibility of concrete and mixed recycled materials using the direct method of frost heave tests as well as determining the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and design module of elasticity using the cyclic triaxial test. Suitability of materials for construction of road infrastructure is then assessed on the basis of the results of these tests.