O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a influência dos parâmetros de um sistema mecanizado de soldagem, composto por uma tocha TIG e outra MAG em tandem, sobre a geometria do cordão de solda resultante. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com soldas realizadas pelos processos TIG e MAG operando isoladamente. Os testes foram executados por meio de simples deposição de cordões sobre chapas de aço ao carbono AISI 1010 com espessura de 6,3 mm. Os parâmetros analisados foram: corrente de soldagem e distância da ponta do eletrodo até a peça no processo TIG, velocidade de alimentação de arame e tensão do arco no processo MAG, além de velocidade de soldagem e distância entre as tochas. Os cordões de solda foram executados em um dispositivo de soldagem mecanizado, que permite a variação da velocidade de soldagem, distância da ponta do eletrodo TIG e a distância entre as tochas. Os ajustes de corrente e tensão de soldagem foram feitos em duas fontes de potência separadas, ambas do tipo transformador-retificador, uma para cada tocha, devido às diferentes curvas características de cada processo. Através do projeto de experimento fatorial fracionado, foram avaliados os efeitos de dois níveis, um mínimo e outro máximo, mais quatro réplicas dos seus níveis intermediários, resultando em 20 experimentos para cada processo de soldagem. Os valores dos resultados finais indicam uma diferença ao utilizar uma tocha TIG para pré-aquecer o material base, porém, estatisticamente, essa diferença não é significativa entre os processos TIG e MAG em tandem e MAG convencional para a faixa de parâmetros de soldagem adotada. / This study aims to investigate the influence of process parameters of a mechanized welding system, comprising a GTAW torch and a GMAW torch in tandem configuration, on the geometry of the resulting weld bead, performed using GTAW and GMAW welding processes in tandem. The results were compared with weld beads performed by conventional GTAW and GMAW welding processes. The tests were conducted performing bead-on-plate deposits over AISI 1010 6,3 mm thick carbon steel plates. GTAW current, GMAW wire feed speed, GTAW arc length, GMAW voltage, welding speed and the distance between GTAW and GMAW torches were the analyzed parameters. The weld beads were performed in a mechanized welding bench, which allows the variation of speed, distance between torches and arc length of the GTAW torch. Current and voltage adjustments were made in two separate transformer-rectifier power sources, one for each welding torch, due to their different characteristic curves of each process. Through the fractional factorial design of experiment, the effects of two different levels for each parameter were analyzed, plus four replicates of the average values of these levels, resulting in 20 experiments for each welding process. The results show a difference on the weld bead geometry using a GTAW torch to preheat the base metal, however, this difference is not statistically significant between GTAW and GMAW welding process in tandem and GMAW welding process for the adopted range of welding parameters.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The phenomenon of cavitation on the metal surface causes erosion decaying components in operation, in particular the blades of turbines for power generation, accounting for maintenance costs and losses in electricity generation resulting from periodic stops. The blades of these turbines, particularly those manufactured by C-Mn steel (carbon - manganese) are coated by arc welding for stainless steel protective order to present more uptime or longer intervals between maintenance periods. Among the materials used to coat these blades are austenitic stainless steels, and stainless steels featured in the Co and Cobased alloys (commercially Stellites). However, the latter have a high cost. Among the welding processes applied to the coating, the technique of adding cold wire (GMAW and GMAW-CW-AF) is presented as an advantageous tender in relation to other techniques currently existing special and conventional welding. Given the context, this work seeks to study, apply and evaluate the effect of alloy and austenitic stainless steel alloys Co (CoCrMo and CoCrW) deposited by GMAW-CW for the purpose of characterization, comparison, formulation and deposition of new alloys from commercial wire correlating with resistance to mass loss. The adjustments of welding technique have focused on obtaining the manufacture of coatings suitable welding parameters. The cavitation wear resistance was evaluated according to ASTM G 32, correlating microstructure and phases by optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, chemical composition and optical emission spectrometry analyzes of the phases present by XRD. The qualities of the welded surfaces have been analyzed by visual examination and Penetrant Liguid according to standard NT (Nondestructive Testing). It was found that the coatings showed good weldability without discontinuities or defects with good surface finish. In the analysis of the coatings of cobalt, the alloy H (Stellite electrode 21 and 309LSi as cold wire) and M (Stellite 6 and 309LSi electrode as cold wire) showed good performance in resistance to cavitation in similar levels of surface roughness and hardness when compared to coatings Stellites 21 and 06, made by conventional GMAW process. / O fenômeno da cavitação sobre a superfície metálica provoca à erosão que deteriora componentes em operação, em particular as pás de turbinas hidráulicas de geração de energia, sendo responsável por custos da manutenção e perdas em geração de energia elétrica decorrente das paradas periódicas. As pás dessas turbinas, em especial as fabricadas pelo aço C-Mn (carbono manganês) são revestidas por soldagem a arco por aços inoxidáveis a fim de proteção para que apresentem maior tempo de operação ou maior intervalo entre os períodos de manutenção. Entre os materiais aplicados para revestir essas pás estão os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos, e em destaque os aços inoxidáveis ao Co e as ligas à base de Co (comercialmente Stellites). No entanto, estes últimos apresentam alto custo. Entre os processos de soldagem aplicados para o revestimento, a técnica de adição de arame frio (GMAW-CW ou GMAW-AF) se apresenta como uma proposta vantajosa em relação às outras técnicas especiais de soldagem existentes atualmente e convencionais. Diante do contexto, este trabalho buscou estudar, aplicar e avaliar o efeito das ligas de aço inoxidáveis austeniticos e ligas de Co (CoCrMo e CoCrW) depositadas pelo processo GMAW-CW com a finalidade de caracterização, comparação, formulação e deposição de novas ligas a partir de arame comerciais, relacionando com a resistência à perda de massa. As adequações da técnica de soldagem têm como foco a obtenção dos parâmetros de soldagem adequados à confecção dos revestimentos. A resistência ao desgaste por cavitação foi avaliada segundo a Norma ASTM G 32, correlacionando com a microestrutura e fases por microscopia óptica, MEV-EDS, composição química por espectrometria de emissão óptica e análises das fases presentes por DRX. As qualidades das superfícies soldadas foram analisadas por análise visual e Líquido Penetrante de acordo com a norma de END (Ensaio Não Destrutivo). Verificou-se que os revestimentos apresentaram boa soldabilidade, sem descontinuidades ou defeitos, com bom acabamento superficial. Na análise dos revestimentos de cobalto, as ligas H (eletrodo Stellite 21 e 309LSi como arame frio) e M (eletrodo Stellite 6 e 309LSi como arame frio) apresentaram bom desempenho de resistência a cavitação em semelhantes níveis de rugosidade e dureza quando comparados aos revestimentos de Stellites 21 e 6, feitos pelo processo GMAW convencional. / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a influência dos parâmetros de um sistema mecanizado de soldagem, composto por uma tocha TIG e outra MAG em tandem, sobre a geometria do cordão de solda resultante. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com soldas realizadas pelos processos TIG e MAG operando isoladamente. Os testes foram executados por meio de simples deposição de cordões sobre chapas de aço ao carbono AISI 1010 com espessura de 6,3 mm. Os parâmetros analisados foram: corrente de soldagem e distância da ponta do eletrodo até a peça no processo TIG, velocidade de alimentação de arame e tensão do arco no processo MAG, além de velocidade de soldagem e distância entre as tochas. Os cordões de solda foram executados em um dispositivo de soldagem mecanizado, que permite a variação da velocidade de soldagem, distância da ponta do eletrodo TIG e a distância entre as tochas. Os ajustes de corrente e tensão de soldagem foram feitos em duas fontes de potência separadas, ambas do tipo transformador-retificador, uma para cada tocha, devido às diferentes curvas características de cada processo. Através do projeto de experimento fatorial fracionado, foram avaliados os efeitos de dois níveis, um mínimo e outro máximo, mais quatro réplicas dos seus níveis intermediários, resultando em 20 experimentos para cada processo de soldagem. Os valores dos resultados finais indicam uma diferença ao utilizar uma tocha TIG para pré-aquecer o material base, porém, estatisticamente, essa diferença não é significativa entre os processos TIG e MAG em tandem e MAG convencional para a faixa de parâmetros de soldagem adotada. / This study aims to investigate the influence of process parameters of a mechanized welding system, comprising a GTAW torch and a GMAW torch in tandem configuration, on the geometry of the resulting weld bead, performed using GTAW and GMAW welding processes in tandem. The results were compared with weld beads performed by conventional GTAW and GMAW welding processes. The tests were conducted performing bead-on-plate deposits over AISI 1010 6,3 mm thick carbon steel plates. GTAW current, GMAW wire feed speed, GTAW arc length, GMAW voltage, welding speed and the distance between GTAW and GMAW torches were the analyzed parameters. The weld beads were performed in a mechanized welding bench, which allows the variation of speed, distance between torches and arc length of the GTAW torch. Current and voltage adjustments were made in two separate transformer-rectifier power sources, one for each welding torch, due to their different characteristic curves of each process. Through the fractional factorial design of experiment, the effects of two different levels for each parameter were analyzed, plus four replicates of the average values of these levels, resulting in 20 experiments for each welding process. The results show a difference on the weld bead geometry using a GTAW torch to preheat the base metal, however, this difference is not statistically significant between GTAW and GMAW welding process in tandem and GMAW welding process for the adopted range of welding parameters.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-08-01T14:31:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao Leonardo Gadelha Tumajan Costa de Melo.pdf: 3712487 bytes, checksum: 319470ec99fc796f895904606d046fc5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-01T14:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao Leonardo Gadelha Tumajan Costa de Melo.pdf: 3712487 bytes, checksum: 319470ec99fc796f895904606d046fc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-25 / CAPES / A escolha de parâmetros de soldagem é uma etapa importante do processo de soldagem, influenciando diretamente no aporte térmico fornecido às juntas soldadas. Neste trabalho, alguns parâmetros de soldagem foram escolhidos para analisar suas influências nas tensões residuais, obtidas através do método de Deslocamento de Pontos Coordenados (DPC) em chapas de aço naval ASTM A-131 grau AH-36. Chapas de teste com dimensões de 200 mm x 70 mm e 13,7 mm de espessura foram soldadas através do processo Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) seguindo o sentido de laminação. Para análise das tensões, foram escolhidas as condições de referência como: velocidade de soldagem de 6 mm/s, ângulo de bisel de 25° e tensão de soldagem média de 19,63 V. Posteriormente, cada um desses parâmetros foi variado, porém mantendo-se constantes os demais. Deste modo, foi possível estabelecer comparações entre um parâmetro dito padrão e suas variações. Para a chapa padrão, as médias das tensões residuais obtidas foram 138,13 MPa e 153,65 MPa, medidas a 3 mm e 2 mm da borda do cordão de solda, respectivamente. Para as amostras nas quais houve redução da velocidade de soldagem de 6mm/s para 3,5mm/s, as médias das tensões residuais medidas foram 34,67 MPa e 42,32 MPa, a 3 mm e 2mm da borda do cordão de solda, respectivamente. Para as amostras soldadas nas quais o ângulo de bisel foi aumentado de 25° para 35°, as médias das tensões residuais medidas foram 28,29 MPa e 31,96 MPa, a 3 mm e 2 mm da borda do cordão de solda, respectivamente. Por fim, para o aumento da tensão de soldagem média de 19,63 V para 26,48 V, as média das tensões residuais calculadas foram 50,81 Mpa e 47,39 MPa, a 3 mm e 2 mm da borda do cordão de solda, respectivamente. As tensões residuais calculadas apresentaram comportamentos esperados. Assim, foi evidenciado como a mudança de parâmetros de soldagem influencia de forma significativa as tensões residuais na peça soldada. / Choosing welding parameters is an important step of the welding process, which may influence directly in the heat input provided. In this study, some welding parameters were selected in order to analyze their influences in calculating residual stresses through Displacement of Coordinated Points (DCP) method in ASTM A-131 grade AH36 naval steel sheets. Samples with 200 mm x 70 mm and 13,7 mm thickness were welded through Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process according to rolling direction. To analyze the stresses, standard conditions were defined, such as welding speed of 6 mm/s, bevel angle of 25°, average welding voltage of 19,63 V. Then, each parameter was switched, however, only one at a time, keeping the rest of them constant. This way it was possible to establish comparisons between a standard parameter's value and its variation. For the standard sample, the average residual stresses found were 138,13 MPa and 153,65 MPa, by 3 mm and 2 mm from bead margin, respectively. For the samples in which welding speed was lowered from 6 mm/s to 3,5 mm/s, the average measured residual stresses were 34,67 MPa and 42,32 MPa, by 3 mm and 2 mm from bead margin, respectively. For the welded samples in which bevel angle was increased from 25° to 35°, the average measured residual stresses were 28,29 MPa and 31,96 MPa, by 3 mm and 2 mm from bead margin, respectively. Finally, for an increase in average welding voltage from 19,63 V to 26,48 V, the average calculated residual stresses were 50,81 MPa and 47,39 MPa, by 3 mm and 2 mm from bead margin. The calculated residual stresses presented as expected. It was evidenced how changing welding parameters would influence the residual stresses in a welded component in a significant way.

Laser enhanced gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is a novel welding process where a laser is applied to provide an auxiliary detaching force to help detach the droplet such that welds may be made in gas tungsten arc welding high quality at GMAW high speeds. The current needed to generate the electromagnetic (detaching) force is thus reduced. The reduction in the current helps reduce the impact on the weld pool and over-heat fumes/smokes. However, in the previous studies, a continuous laser is applied. Since the auxiliary is only needed each time the droplet needs to be detached and the detachment time is relatively short in the transfer cycle, the laser energy is greatly wasted in the rest of the transfer cycle. In addition, the unnecessary application of the laser on the droplet causes additional over-heat fumes. Hence, this study proposes to use a pulsed laser such that the peak pulse is applied only when the droplet is ready to detach. To this end, the state of the droplet development needs to be closely monitored in real-time. Since the metal transfer is an ultra-high speed process and the most reliable method to monitor should be based on visual feedback, a high imaging system has been proposed to monitor the real-time development of the droplet. A high-speed image processing system has been developed to real-time extract the developing droplet. A closed-loop control system has been established to use the real-time imaging processing result on the monitoring of the developing droplet to determine if the laser peak pulse needs to be applied. Experiments verified the effectiveness of the proposed methods and established system. A controlled novel process – pulsed laser-enhanced GMAW - is thus established for possible applications in producing high-quality welds at GMAW speeds.

Recent developments in material joining, specifically arc-welding, have increased in scope and extended into the aerospace, nuclear, and underwater industries where complex geometry and hazardous environments necessitate fully automated systems. Even traditional applications of arc welding such as off-highway and automotive manufacturing have increased their demand in quality, accuracy, and volume to stay competitive. These requirements often exceed both skill and endurance capacities of human welders. As a result, improvements in process parameter feedback and sensing are necessary to successfully achieve a closed-loop control of such processes. <br ><br /> One such feedback parameter in gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) is acoustic emissions. Although there have been relatively few studies performed in this area, it is agreed amongst professional welders that the sound from an arc is critical to their ability to control the process. Investigations that have been performed however, have been met with mixed success due to extraneous background noises or inadequate evaluation of the signal spectral content. However, if it were possible to identify the salient or characterizing aspects of the signal, these drawbacks may be overcome. <br ><br /> The goal of this thesis is to develop methods which characterize the arc-acoustic signal such that a relationship can be drawn between welding parameters and acoustic spectral characteristics. Three methods were attempted including: Taguchi experiments to reveal trends between weld process parameters and the acoustic signal; psycho-acoustic experiments that investigate expert welder reliance on arc-sounds, and implementation of an artificial neural network (ANN) for mapping arc-acoustic spectral characteristics to process parameters. <br ><br /> Together, these investigations revealed strong correlation between welding voltage and arc-acoustics. The psycho-acoustic experiments confirm the suspicion of welder reliance on arc-acoustics as well as potential spectral candidates necessary to spray-transfer control during GMA welding. ANN performance shows promise in the approach and confirmation of the ANN?s ability to learn. Further experimentation and data gathering to enrich the learning data-base will be necessary to apply artificial intelligence such as artificial neural networks to such a stochastic and non-linear relationship between arc-sound and GMA parameters.

Recent developments in material joining, specifically arc-welding, have increased in scope and extended into the aerospace, nuclear, and underwater industries where complex geometry and hazardous environments necessitate fully automated systems. Even traditional applications of arc welding such as off-highway and automotive manufacturing have increased their demand in quality, accuracy, and volume to stay competitive. These requirements often exceed both skill and endurance capacities of human welders. As a result, improvements in process parameter feedback and sensing are necessary to successfully achieve a closed-loop control of such processes. <br ><br /> One such feedback parameter in gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) is acoustic emissions. Although there have been relatively few studies performed in this area, it is agreed amongst professional welders that the sound from an arc is critical to their ability to control the process. Investigations that have been performed however, have been met with mixed success due to extraneous background noises or inadequate evaluation of the signal spectral content. However, if it were possible to identify the salient or characterizing aspects of the signal, these drawbacks may be overcome. <br ><br /> The goal of this thesis is to develop methods which characterize the arc-acoustic signal such that a relationship can be drawn between welding parameters and acoustic spectral characteristics. Three methods were attempted including: Taguchi experiments to reveal trends between weld process parameters and the acoustic signal; psycho-acoustic experiments that investigate expert welder reliance on arc-sounds, and implementation of an artificial neural network (ANN) for mapping arc-acoustic spectral characteristics to process parameters. <br ><br /> Together, these investigations revealed strong correlation between welding voltage and arc-acoustics. The psycho-acoustic experiments confirm the suspicion of welder reliance on arc-acoustics as well as potential spectral candidates necessary to spray-transfer control during GMA welding. ANN performance shows promise in the approach and confirmation of the ANN?s ability to learn. Further experimentation and data gathering to enrich the learning data-base will be necessary to apply artificial intelligence such as artificial neural networks to such a stochastic and non-linear relationship between arc-sound and GMA parameters.

ANALYSIS OF WELDING PARAMETERS IN GAS METAL ARC WELDING BY A WELDING ROBOT Erener, Yavuz M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. R. Tuna Balkan Co-Supervisor : Prof. Dr. M. A. Sahir Arikan September 2006, 130 pages In Robotic Gas Metal Arc Welding process, the welding parameters controlled by the welder (travel speed of the welding torch, wire feed speed, current, voltage, wire diameter, etc.) should be considered to obtain a desired welding quality. To design an appropriate welding model for the used equipment, the effects of each parameter should be studied by carrying out an adequate number of experiments. The welding process is described by analyzing the experimental data to define the relationships between the welding parameters and process variables. Various regressional models can be suggested to establish the analytical relationships. In this study, the relationship between bead geometry and voltage, current, travel speed and wire feed speed is established by using a specific computer program developed for this purpose.

In many occupations such as welding, workers are exposed to a combination of several hazards. One of these is the exposure to fumes, particularly those produced from welding processes involving electrical arcs. The inhalation of welding fume can cause both temporary side effects and longer term health complications. These health effects lower the productivity and quality of life of the welder which in turn costs the employer through reduced worker productivity and potential compensation. Current techniques of fume measurement determine bulk quantity of formation without regard to fume plume dissipation into the work place. While some research has been conducted into dissipation, measurements near the welding arc have proven difficult and either numerical or salt water modelling have been used. Such modelling aims to replicate the welding process but is ultimately detached from the actual welding variables involved and does not provide data on fume concentration. Since welder exposure is determined by both fume concentration and dissipation into the workplace measurement techniques which could provide both would be considered highly desirable. In the field of combustion research a number of different laser techniques are used to image soot particulates in flames. These techniques include laser scattering, laser extinction and laser induced incandescence. As yet none of these techniques have found application to the measurement or imaging of particulate matter in arc welding fume plumes. In the work presented here these techniques have been investigated for welding fume measurements of concentration and dissipation. Laser scattering was used successfully to image the fume plume close to the welding arc of actual gas metal and flux cored arc welding processes. The resulting images provided relative fume concentration maps that were quantified when combined with measurements from laser extinction. Laser induced incandescence, while successfully applied to the imaging of soot concentration in flames, was found to have limited capabilities when applied to welding fume particulates. Fume box measurements were undertaken for GMAW and FCAW to determine actual FFR in response to changes in welding variables. The results were in general agreement with those obtained from laser techniques and referenced in literature. The fume plume images collected from in-situ laser measurements were compared with those from previous modelling of plume shape, radial spread and virtual origin. Laser diagnostics demonstrated a number of capabilities not available with traditional fume measurements. The findings of this research provide unique insight into fume dissipation. Such findings can be applied to minimise the quantity of fume, the transmission to the breathing zone and ultimately worker exposure in the workplace. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339888 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2008

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-02-26T15:29:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Israel Lira Gonçalves.pdf: 3767945 bytes, checksum: 0db473c255f0c4372d0768e75e3ec8db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T15:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Israel Lira Gonçalves.pdf: 3767945 bytes, checksum: 0db473c255f0c4372d0768e75e3ec8db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / CAPES / Este estudo analisou a influência da temperatura no tratamento de alívios de tensões, tendo como base o método de deslocamento de pontos coordenados (DPC), e a importância do sentido de soldagem no deslocamento dos pontos coordenados em uma chapa de aço naval (ASTM A-131 de grau AH-36), retangular, de dimensões 200 mm x 65 mm e 14 mm de espessura pelo processo de soldagem GMAW. Nos tratamentos térmicos foram utilizadas temperaturas de 580°C, 630°C e 680°C durante intervalos de tempo restritos e resfriados ao ar. A medição do alívio das tensões residuais foi realizada através do método alternativo de deslocamento de pontos coordenados e validada através da difração de raios-X, que por meio da variação das distâncias dos furos, provocada pelo tratamento térmico, permite medir as tensões residuais pontuais presentes nas juntas. Com a variação das temperaturas ensaiadas obteve-se um perfil de alívio de tensão residual maior utilizando temperaturas de tratamento térmicas mais elevadas. / This study aims to analyze the influence of the temperature in treatment of stress relief used in DCP method (Displacement of Coordinated Point) and the importance of welding direction in displacement of the coordinate points, using a naval steel sheet (ASTM A 131 grade AH36) with rectangular dimensions of 200 mm X 70 mm and 14 mm thick, the GMAW process was performed considering the welding direction after welding different points were previously mapped using a coordinated measurement machine. The residual stresses were carried out through this alternate method considering displacement of coordinated point produced by heat treatment in temperature of 580°C, 630°C and 680°C. Before heat treatment, the residual stresses in previously mapped points were measured by X-Ray diffraction. The results showed that the temperature of heat treatments increase the displacement of the points: higher temperature produced higher displacement and in consequence higher apparent residual stress. X-Ray diffraction showed a good agreement with DCP method in sheet heat treated at 680°C compared to the other temperatures.