The ability to detect a tactile stimulus during movement is markedly decreased (e.g., tactile gating), yet it is unknown whether the stimulus influences motor output. In the present study, participants moved a mechanical slider as quickly and as accurately as possible to a target. Participants received low-level electrical stimulation on the index finger of the reaching limb at various offsets relative to movement initiation. Participants reported whether they perceived the tactile cue. It was hypothesized that the detection of the stimulus would be reduced and the stimulus would influence motor output. First, a typical time course and magnitude of sensory gating was found, supporting previous observations (e.g., Chapman & Beauchamp, 2006). Second, no influence of the stimulation on motor output was observed. It was concluded that the detection of tactile cues during a goal-directed reaching task is attenuated and this stimulation does not influence motor output.

The ability to detect a tactile stimulus during movement is markedly decreased (e.g., tactile gating), yet it is unknown whether the stimulus influences motor output. In the present study, participants moved a mechanical slider as quickly and as accurately as possible to a target. Participants received low-level electrical stimulation on the index finger of the reaching limb at various offsets relative to movement initiation. Participants reported whether they perceived the tactile cue. It was hypothesized that the detection of the stimulus would be reduced and the stimulus would influence motor output. First, a typical time course and magnitude of sensory gating was found, supporting previous observations (e.g., Chapman & Beauchamp, 2006). Second, no influence of the stimulation on motor output was observed. It was concluded that the detection of tactile cues during a goal-directed reaching task is attenuated and this stimulation does not influence motor output.

This thesis focuses on tactile perception and aims at a comprehensive analysis of its characteristics over the time-course of various goal-directed movements. Tactile perception is assessed by means of discrimination and detection paradigms, as well as event-related potentials (ERPs). The main question investigated throughout the thesis is: ‘What changes in tactile perception, if any, take place over the time course of a goal-directed movement?’ In Chapter 2, the mechanisms related to such identified changes are examined: a facilitatory one – attention, and an inhibitory one – suppression. The experiment in Chapter 3 tests, at a brain level, amongst several explanations of the experimental results outlined in Chapter 2: timing-based, effector-based, and modality-based attentional/suppressive influences. In Chapter 4, other naturalistic movements are investigated (i.e., the movements involved in juggling and throwing/catching a basketball). The results indicate a lack of facilitation in the processing of tactile information during the preparatory phase of the movement. Furthermore, differential changes are identified in tactile perception over the execution phase of the movement: At a behavioural level, tactile sensitivity significantly declines over the execution phase of the movement (though the detection of incoming tactile stimulation is enhanced), while at a neuronal level the same period exhibits significantly enhanced responses to somatosensory stimulation. The experiments reported here thus bring evidence in favour of a dissociation between detecting and discriminating what is felt while moving. These results suggest that the quality of what is felt while moving may not be important for movement and, at the same time, that different pathways in the brain may be responsible for detecting and discriminating what is felt over the time course of a goal-directed movement. Based on these findings, in Chapter 5, the implications of these results are discussed and directions for further research are outlined.

L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier dans les mouvements complexes, les propriétés psychophysiques de flexibilité d’un programme moteur suite à une perturbation inattendue et certaines de ses bases neurales. Pour ce faire, trois études comportementales et une étude en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelles ont été menées. (1)Les principaux résultats de notre première étude démontrent que lors de la réalisation de mouvements complexes, après un déplacement inattendu de la cible visuelle, des corrections motrices peuvent apparaître très rapidement en une centaine de millisecondes dans les muscles de la jambe et du bras. De telles latences pourraient indiquer que les corrections motrices rapides à partir des entrées visuelles pourraient être générées grâce à des boucles corticales de bas niveaux. (2) Lors d’un déplacement imprévu de la cible visuelle pendant l’exécution d’un mouvement complexe dirigé, les temps de correction sont significativement corrélés entre certaines paires de muscles, indépendamment de leur localisation anatomique ou de leur ordre d’apparition dans la séquence temporelle de recrutement musculaire. Ces résultats suggèrent que le système nerveux central est capable d’utiliser des synergies motrices fonctionnelles et complexes lors de la génération de corrections motrices. (3) Lorsque la taille de la cible est modifiée de manière imprévisible pendant l’exécution du plan moteur initial, la durée du mouvement augmente, indépendamment de la variabilité de la précision terminale du mouvement de pointage. Ce résultat suggère que les retours sensori-moteurs et une représentation en (quasi) temps réel de la vitesse de l’effecteur sont utilisés pour générer et contrôler le déplacement de la main. (4) Enfin, lors d’une tâche de rattrapés de balles répétitifs, en manipulant les conditions de prédiction a priori de la masse des balles utilisées, la dernière étude de ce travail expérimental démontre qu’un réseau cérébelleux bilatéral, impliquant les lobules IV, V et VI, est très majoritairement impliqué dans les processus de calcul de l’erreur sensori-motrice. Dans les boucles corticales classiques impliquées dans la flexibilité motrice, le cervelet est engagé dans la génération de l’erreur sensori-motrice. Néanmoins, il semblerait que d’autres boucles de plus bas niveaux puissent être également employées afin de générer des corrections motrices très rapides. La coordination entre ces différentes boucles reste à être étudiée plus précisément. / The main objective of this thesis is to study the motor flexibility in complex movements when an unexpected event makes the initial motor plan inefficient. In this way, three kinematic and electromyographic studies and a fourth with functional magnetic resonance imaging were realized. (1)The main result of the first study clearly demonstrate that during complex movements express motor corrections in the upper and lower limbs, with latency responses of less than 100 ms, were revealed by contrasting electromyographic activities in perturbed and unperturbed trials. Such findings could indicate that visual on-going movement corrections may be accomplished via fast loops at the level of the upper and lower limbs and may not require cortical involvement. (2) When an unexpected target jump occurred, correction times were strongly correlated together for some pairs of muscles independently of their occurrences during the motor sequence and independently of the location of the muscles at the anatomical level. This second study suggests that the CNS re-programs a new motor synergy after the target jumps in order to correct the on going reaching movement. (3) When the target size is varied during the initial motor plan execution, the movement duration can increase independently of the variability of the final endpoint. These results suggests that when the speed-accuracy trade-off is unexpectedly modified, terminal feedbacks based on intermediate representations of the endpoint velocity are used to monitor and control the hand displacement. (4) Finally, when catching a falling ball and the possibility of prediction about the ball weight was manipulated, the last study of this thesis showed that both the right and left cerebellum is engaged in processing sensory–motor errors, and more particularly the lobules IV, V and VI. For classical loops involved in motor flexibility, sensory-motor errors are processed within the cerebellum. However, some shorter sub-cortical loops seem also to be involved for faster motor corrections. The coordination between these different loops needs to be explained more precisely.

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