Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2015. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2016-02-04T13:50:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_LavoisianeFerreiraSouza.pdf: 21055116 bytes, checksum: 3e296aab3c2c2851614ac94dc52be6cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-02-04T18:37:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_LavoisianeFerreiraSouza.pdf: 21055116 bytes, checksum: 3e296aab3c2c2851614ac94dc52be6cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-04T18:37:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_LavoisianeFerreiraSouza.pdf: 21055116 bytes, checksum: 3e296aab3c2c2851614ac94dc52be6cf (MD5) / O Lineamento Transbrasiliano (LTB) é uma das principais estruturas da Plataforma Sul-americana. É definido como uma faixa cataclasada de direção NE-SW com pelo menos 2700 km de extensão no Brasil, este lineamento exerceu grande influência, juntamente com outras estruturas do embasamento, na história deposicional das bacias sedimentares do Paraná e Parnaíba. A Formação Água Bonita (FAB) pode ter o mesmo aporte sedimentar que o de bacias paleozóicas, devido à posição intermediária em relação às bacias do Paraná, a sudoeste, e do Parnaíba, a nordeste, e do Amazonas, a noroeste. Dentro deste contexto este trabalho pode trazer informações importantes acerca da origem e evolução do gráben, além de sua correlação com o Lineamento Transbrasiliano e com as bacias sedimentares paleozoicas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal fornecer o modelo geológico estrutural do Gráben Água Bonita utilizando dados geológicos, geofísicos aéreos e terrestres, além de trazer informações acerca da origem e evolução do gráben, sua correlação com o Lineamento Transbrasiliano e as bacias sedimentares paleozoicas brasileiras. O Graben Água Bonita está localizado nos estados de Tocantins e Goiás, entre o município de Araguaçu (TO), a oeste, e Novo Planalto (GO), a leste. Sua origem do pode estar associada a uma reativação do Lineamento Transbrasiliano na qual houve a deposição da Formação Água Bonita, com provável idade Siluriano-Devoniano. A área de estudo é recoberta por dados aerogeofísicos de magnetometria adquiridos na década de 70 e foram utilizados para interpretação. Foram adquiridos dados terrestres gravimétricos e geodésicos em 498 estações e foram adicionados ao banco de dados 147 estações gravimétricas de trabalhos anteriores. A análise de afloramentos permitiu identificar associações de fácies sedimentares que ocorrem na superfície que adicionaram informações sobre a formação do gráben. A partir da interpretação, integração, técnicas de análise de profundidade e modelagem gravimétrica 2D foi criado um modelo geológico com um rifte precursor, que pode ser relacionado ao Rifte Jaibaras, e que está associado ao baixo gravimétrico a aproximadamente 2,4 km e um duplex extensional num sistema strike slip com profundidade de até 1,6 km onde foram acomodados os sedimentos pré-existentes da FAB e da fase rifte. A FAB é bordejada por falhas transcorrentes dextrais relacionadas ao Lineamento Transbrasiliano, na borda leste uma falha mais expressiva é subvertical com mergulho para oeste, na borda oeste a falha é menos íngreme. As falhas de borda são interceptadas por lineamentos perpendiculares à borda oeste. Ocorrem também falhas com direção N65E que separam o gráben em duas porções. A porção norte apresenta características diferentes da porção sul nos dados magnéticos, gravimétricos e geológicos. Na interpretação dos dados geofísicos e geológicos foram observados lineamentos primários com direção N55W, N70W e N35E e secundários E/W. / The Transbrasiliano lineament (LTB) is one of the main structures of the South American Platform. It is defined as a cataclasitc belt trending NE-SW with at least 2700 km in length, this lineament had big influence, along with other structures, for the installation and depositional history of the sedimentary basins of Paraná and Parnaíba. Agua Bonita formation (FAB) may have the same sedimentation of Paleozoic basins due to its intermediate position relative to Paraná basin, southwest, Parnaiba basin, northeast, and Amazonas basin, northwest. Within this context, this work can provide important information about the origin and evolution of the graben, as well as its correlation with the Transbrasiliano lineament and the Paleozoic sedimentary basins. This work aims to provide a structural geological model of the Agua Bonita Graben (GAB) using geological data, aero and ground geophysics, as well as to provide information about its origin and evolution, and its correlation with the Transbrasiliano lineament and Brazilian Paleozoic sedimentary basins. The Agua Bonita Graben is located in the Tocantins and Goias states, between the cities of Araguaçu (TO) to west and Novo Planalto (GO) to east. Its origin can be associated with a reactivation of the lineament Transbrasiliano in which there was the deposition of the Agua Bonita formation, suggested to be Silurian-Devonian. The study area is covered by airborne geophysical magnetometry data acquired in the 70s wich were used for interpretation. Gravity and geodetic data in 498 terrestrial stations and were added to the database 147 gravity stations of previous work. The outcrops analysis identified sedimentary facies associations that occur on the surface and provided additional information about the graben formation. A geological model was proposed for the GAB based on the interpretation, integration, depth analysis techniques and 2D gravity forward modeling. A rift phase was included in the model, which may be related to Jaibaras rift. The rift section is associated with the 2.4 kilometers gravity low and an extensional duplex in a strike slip system is 1.6 kilometers deep, where preexisting sediments of the FAB and rift were accommodated. The FAB is bordered by dextral strike-slip faults related Transbrasiliano lineament, on the eastern edge a more significant fault is subvertical dipping to the west, the western edge fault is less steep. The graben border faults are intercepted by perpendicular faults at the western edge. Faults N65E trending separate the graben in two parts. The northern part has different characteristics from the southern portion in the magnetic, gravity and geological data. The geophysical and geological data interpretation provides primary lineaments trending N55W, N70W and N35E as well as secondary EW lineaments.

abstract: Olympus Mons is the largest volcano on Mars. Previous studies have focused on large scale features on Olympus Mons, such as the basal escarpment, summit caldera complex and aureole deposits. My objective was to identify and characterize previously unrecognized and unmapped small scale features to understand the volcanotectonic evolution of this enormous volcano. For this study I investigated flank vents and arcuate graben. Flank vents are a common feature on composite volcanoes on Earth. They provide information on the volatile content of magmas, the propagation of magma in the subsurface and the tectonic stresses acting on the volcano. Graben are found at a variety of scales in close proximity to Martian volcanoes. They can indicate flexure of the lithosphere in response to the load of the volcano or gravitation spreading of the edifice. Using Context Camera (CTX), High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), High Resolution Stereo Camera Digital Terrain Model (HRSC DTM) and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data, I have identified and characterized the morphology and distribution of 60 flank vents and 84 arcuate graben on Olympus Mons. Based on the observed vent morphologies, I conclude that effusive eruptions have dominated on Olympus Mons in the Late Amazonian, with flank vents playing a limited role. The spatial distribution of flank vents suggests shallow source depths and radial dike propagation. Arcuate graben, not previously observed in lower resolution datasets, occur on the lower flanks of Olympus Mons and indicate a recent extensional state of stress. Based on spatial and superposition relationships, I have constructed a developmental sequence for the construction of Olympus Mons: 1) Construction of the shield via effusive lava flows.; 2) Formation of the near summit thrust faults (flank terraces); 3) Flank failure leading to scarp formation and aureole deposition; 4) Late Amazonian effusive resurfacing and formation of flank vents; 5) Subsidence of the caldera, waning volcanism and graben formation. This volcanotectonic evolution closely resembles that proposed on Ascraeus Mons. Extensional tectonism may continue to affect the lower flanks of Olympus Mons today. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Geological Sciences 2015

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A bacia sedimentar do Tacutu, localizada no Estado de Roraima, consiste em um segmento distensivo implantado no Mesozóico (Jurássico Superior - Cretáceo Inferior), hegráben encaixado no Escudo das Guianas, que se alonga na direção nordeste-sudeste, com cerca de 300 km de comprimento, variando entre 30 a 50 km de largura, estendendo-se da República da Guiana, à capital do Estado de Roraima, Boa Vista. Para realização dessa pesquisa foram levados em consideração os dados já existentes a cerca da área em estudo e diversas pesquisas em campo para entendimento do seu processo evolutivo. Dessa forma, buscamos fazer uma abordagem sobre a compartimentação geomorfológica do gráben do Tacutu, utilizando técnicas do aplicativo Argis 9.1, que favoreceu a construção de um modelo digital do terreno / The sedimentary basin of the Tacutu is located in the state of Roraima, Brazil. It is an implanted distensive segment in the Mesozóic (upper Jurassic - lower Cretaceo). It is an half-graben incased in the Shield of the Guianas, prolongated in the northeast direction - southwestern, with about 300 km of length varying 30 the 50 width km, extending itself of the Republic of Guyana to the capital of the state de Roraima, Boa Vista. We consideration the data already concerning the area in study and diverse research to understand the evolution of the process. The approach about the geomorphological compartimentation of graben of Tacutu using techniques of the Geografic Data Sistem by means of aplicatory ArcGis 9.1 that favored the construction of a digital model of the land

Identifying tectonically active faults and quantifying rates of movement is a key challenge in the Earth Sciences, in addition to this the interactions between active faulting and the landscape, specifically involving the fluvial network, is a relatively new area of study. Previous work has highlighted the value of understanding how the fluvial network responds to active tectonics, showing that a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationship between fluvial geomorphology and active tectonics is an important next step in geological research. This study presents new information about the poorly constrained Quaternary tectonic history of the Gediz Graben, Turkey, providing the first quantification of rates of movement of the key fault array that presently controlling graben topography. The fluvial network has been investigated and the data has been used in order to add resolution to the tectonic history for the fault array, allowing for the quantification of post-linkage throw rates. The study then investigates the key controls on the behaviour of the fluvial network that cross the active topography building fault array in the Gediz Graben. This study shows that there has been a linkage event occurring between 0.6 – 1 Ma, involving the three segments of the graben bounding fault array. The pre- and post-linkage throw rates are then extrapolated using data derived from the fluvial network, showing a faulting enhancement factor of 3 at the centre of the fault array, with the throw rate at the centre of the array predicted to have increased from a pre-linkage rate of 0.6 ± 0.1 mm/yr to a rate of 2 ± 0.2 mm/yr. This research provides evidence that the fluvial network can be used in conjunction with other types of evidence to provide a greater resolution tectonic history. Using both digital data and field studies this research presents an examination of the factors that influence the behaviour of bedrock rivers undergoing perturbation due to tectonics. Factors such as drainage area, tectonic throw rates and lithology have been investigated and the complicated interactions of these variables with the fluvial system have been quantified. This study shows that the bedrock rivers are a significant source of information about tectonics, but further work is needed to resolve quantitatively how various factors influence how rivers adjust to tectonic perturbation, in a variety of tectonic situations, in order to enable river to be used as a primary tool for deriving information about tectonics.

A influência da tectônica do supercontinente Gondwana é registrada no Gráben Arroio Moirão (RS), um relicto sedimentar associado ao Triássico da seção contínua da Bacia do Paraná, preservado sobre o Escudo Sul-Riograndense. Entretanto, o gráben dista 150 km da seção contínua e não apresenta nenhuma correlação estratigráfica clara. Baseado em novos dados sedimentológicos, paleontológicos e em abordagem de estratigrafia de sequências nova, se propõe um arcabouço estratigráfico para o Gráben Arroio Moirão e a sua correlação com a seção contínua da Bacia do Paraná. O gráben é composto pelo empilhamento de sequências de alta frequência, com granodecrescência ascendente, definido como flood units em um modelo de leques terminais. O conteúdo fossilífero corresponde à Sequência Candelária de idade Carniana, e estratigraficamente corresponde aos depósitos proximais da bacia triássica relacionados ao Escudo. As unidades do gráben estão em contato direto com o embasamento e está superfície representa um pulso de soerguimento, que erodiu as sequências anteriores, seguido por um rebaixamento que registrou a Sequência Candelária. A reativação das estruturas herdadas do embasamento é relacionada à orogenia triássica na margem sudoeste do Gondwana e responsável pelo controle deposicional dentro do Gráben Arroio Moirão. / The influence of Gondwana tectonics in the Triassic is registered in the Arroio Moirão Graben, a relict sedimentary unit associated with the Triassic section of Paraná Basin, preserved over the Sul-Riograndense Shield. However, this graben is 150 km far from the Paraná Basin and has no clear stratigraphic correlation with the main Triassic outcropping area. Based on new sedimentological, paleontological and sequence stratigraphy analysis, we propose a sequence stratigraphy framework for the graben units and correlation with the Triassic section of Paraná Basin. The graben has a stacking of high-frequency sequences with fining upward trend, defined as flood units in a Terminal Splay model. The fossil content corresponds to the Hyperodapedon assemblage zone with Carnian age. These sequences are correlated with Candelária Sequence from Paraná Basin and represent a more proximal facies-association related with a source-area from the shield. The graben units are directly overlying the basement units and this surface registers an uplift that eroded the previous sedimentary record of Paraná basin followed by a Middle Triassic basin wide subsidence. The reactivation of inherited structures from the basement was related to the southern Gondwana orogeny in Middle to Late Triassic that controlled the deposition in the Arroio Moirão Graben.

A influência da tectônica do supercontinente Gondwana é registrada no Gráben Arroio Moirão (RS), um relicto sedimentar associado ao Triássico da seção contínua da Bacia do Paraná, preservado sobre o Escudo Sul-Riograndense. Entretanto, o gráben dista 150 km da seção contínua e não apresenta nenhuma correlação estratigráfica clara. Baseado em novos dados sedimentológicos, paleontológicos e em abordagem de estratigrafia de sequências nova, se propõe um arcabouço estratigráfico para o Gráben Arroio Moirão e a sua correlação com a seção contínua da Bacia do Paraná. O gráben é composto pelo empilhamento de sequências de alta frequência, com granodecrescência ascendente, definido como flood units em um modelo de leques terminais. O conteúdo fossilífero corresponde à Sequência Candelária de idade Carniana, e estratigraficamente corresponde aos depósitos proximais da bacia triássica relacionados ao Escudo. As unidades do gráben estão em contato direto com o embasamento e está superfície representa um pulso de soerguimento, que erodiu as sequências anteriores, seguido por um rebaixamento que registrou a Sequência Candelária. A reativação das estruturas herdadas do embasamento é relacionada à orogenia triássica na margem sudoeste do Gondwana e responsável pelo controle deposicional dentro do Gráben Arroio Moirão. / The influence of Gondwana tectonics in the Triassic is registered in the Arroio Moirão Graben, a relict sedimentary unit associated with the Triassic section of Paraná Basin, preserved over the Sul-Riograndense Shield. However, this graben is 150 km far from the Paraná Basin and has no clear stratigraphic correlation with the main Triassic outcropping area. Based on new sedimentological, paleontological and sequence stratigraphy analysis, we propose a sequence stratigraphy framework for the graben units and correlation with the Triassic section of Paraná Basin. The graben has a stacking of high-frequency sequences with fining upward trend, defined as flood units in a Terminal Splay model. The fossil content corresponds to the Hyperodapedon assemblage zone with Carnian age. These sequences are correlated with Candelária Sequence from Paraná Basin and represent a more proximal facies-association related with a source-area from the shield. The graben units are directly overlying the basement units and this surface registers an uplift that eroded the previous sedimentary record of Paraná basin followed by a Middle Triassic basin wide subsidence. The reactivation of inherited structures from the basement was related to the southern Gondwana orogeny in Middle to Late Triassic that controlled the deposition in the Arroio Moirão Graben.

A influência da tectônica do supercontinente Gondwana é registrada no Gráben Arroio Moirão (RS), um relicto sedimentar associado ao Triássico da seção contínua da Bacia do Paraná, preservado sobre o Escudo Sul-Riograndense. Entretanto, o gráben dista 150 km da seção contínua e não apresenta nenhuma correlação estratigráfica clara. Baseado em novos dados sedimentológicos, paleontológicos e em abordagem de estratigrafia de sequências nova, se propõe um arcabouço estratigráfico para o Gráben Arroio Moirão e a sua correlação com a seção contínua da Bacia do Paraná. O gráben é composto pelo empilhamento de sequências de alta frequência, com granodecrescência ascendente, definido como flood units em um modelo de leques terminais. O conteúdo fossilífero corresponde à Sequência Candelária de idade Carniana, e estratigraficamente corresponde aos depósitos proximais da bacia triássica relacionados ao Escudo. As unidades do gráben estão em contato direto com o embasamento e está superfície representa um pulso de soerguimento, que erodiu as sequências anteriores, seguido por um rebaixamento que registrou a Sequência Candelária. A reativação das estruturas herdadas do embasamento é relacionada à orogenia triássica na margem sudoeste do Gondwana e responsável pelo controle deposicional dentro do Gráben Arroio Moirão. / The influence of Gondwana tectonics in the Triassic is registered in the Arroio Moirão Graben, a relict sedimentary unit associated with the Triassic section of Paraná Basin, preserved over the Sul-Riograndense Shield. However, this graben is 150 km far from the Paraná Basin and has no clear stratigraphic correlation with the main Triassic outcropping area. Based on new sedimentological, paleontological and sequence stratigraphy analysis, we propose a sequence stratigraphy framework for the graben units and correlation with the Triassic section of Paraná Basin. The graben has a stacking of high-frequency sequences with fining upward trend, defined as flood units in a Terminal Splay model. The fossil content corresponds to the Hyperodapedon assemblage zone with Carnian age. These sequences are correlated with Candelária Sequence from Paraná Basin and represent a more proximal facies-association related with a source-area from the shield. The graben units are directly overlying the basement units and this surface registers an uplift that eroded the previous sedimentary record of Paraná basin followed by a Middle Triassic basin wide subsidence. The reactivation of inherited structures from the basement was related to the southern Gondwana orogeny in Middle to Late Triassic that controlled the deposition in the Arroio Moirão Graben.

A vast area of the northeastern Great Basin of the western USA was inundated by a succession of Plio-Pleistocene lakes, including Lake Bonneville (28 ka to 12 ka). The Pilot Valley playa, located just east of the Utah-Nevada border near Wendover, Utah, within the eastern Basin and Range Province, represents an 8 to 16 km wide and ~50 km long remnant of these lakes. The playa corresponds to the upper surface of a closed basin that is delimited by two mountain ranges, which are mantled by recent alluvial fans over which the playa sediments have prograded. In order to investigate the interaction of Plio- Pleistocene lake sedimentation and alluvial fan development, high-resolution seismic reflection profiles have been acquired near the base of both the west-bounding and the east-bounding ranges. On the western side of the basin, the seismic profiles provide images of sub-horizontal playa sediments prograding over the inclined alluvial fans. Theboundary between the playa and fan sediments is marked by a prominent angular unconformity. Seismic images from the eastern side of the basin reveal a markedly different structural and stratigraphic style with down-to-the-basin normal faulting of relatively shallow Paleozoic bedrock overlain by alluvial fan deposits, which are in turn on-lapped by a thin veneer of playa sediments. The results contained herein reveal for the first time the stratigraphic relationships between Quaternary pluvial sediments as a shoreline depositional facies and the adjacent bounding fan deposits. Post-stack reprocessing of lower-resolution but deeper penetration seismic data located in an analogous basin to the southwest, provides a likely context for the Pilot Valley seismic data. The new geophysical images, when integrated with available geologic mapping and limited well control, aid in constraining how deep aquifers are locally recharged from an adjacent range. The results also clearly demonstrate the strong structural asymmetry of the range and playa system, which is consistent with a classic half-graben structure. Lastly, this study demonstrates the utility of the shallow seismic reflection method as a tool to provide high-resolution sub-surface images in the geophysically challenging environment of Basin and Range geology.

Le Buntsandstein, localisé dans le graben du Rhin supérieur, apparait comme une cible intéressante pour la géothermie, associant une formation argilo-gréseuse à l’anomalie thermique régionale. Cette étude vise à caractériser les propriétés pétrophysiques de ces grès ainsi que la fracturation les affectant, dans le but de fournir un modèle conceptuel de la formation qui servira de guide pour son exploitation futur. Les faciès sédimentaires sont composés par cinq faciès pétrographiques (grès propres, grès à enrobage argileux, grès à matrice argileuse, grès silicifiés et grès à ciment carbonaté), qui se répartissent dans des proportions variables et contrôlent une partie des propriétés pétrophysiques mesurées à l’échelle matricielle. La comparaison des données pétrophysiques, des données macroscopiques issues d’une analyse de gradients de température, des données de modélisation et de la fracturation permet de construire un modèle de circulation dans le réservoir. Ces analyses mettent en avant le rôle de la zone endommagée des zones de faille pour le transfert de fluides à grande échelle, mais aussi celui de deux faciès sédimentaires : les grès déposés dans un environnement de Playa Lake et fluvio-éolien. L’analyse de différents affleurements montre que la fracturation évolue en fonction de la situation dans la pile sédimentaire et en fonction de la situation par rapport aux accidents tectoniques majeures. / The Buntsandstein, located in the Upper Rhine Graben, appears to be an easy target forgeothermal exploitation, linking sandstone and clay with the regional thermal anomaly. This study aims at characterizing petrophysical characteristics of these sandstones as well as the fracturation affecting them, with the intention of providing a conceptual model of the formation which will act as guide for future exploitation. The sedimentary facies are composed by five petrographical facies (clean sandstones, sandstones with clayed coating, clay matrix sandstones, silicified sandstones and carbonated matrix sandstones) which split with variable proportions and control a part of petrophysical properties measured at matrix scale. The comparison between petrophysical data, macroscopic data from temperature gradient analysis, modelling data and fracturing, allows the building of a Buntsandstein Sandstones fluids circulation conceptual model. This analysis points the role of the damage zone of fault zones for fluids transfer at large scale, but also that of two sedimentary facies: marginal erg and Playa Lake. The analysis of different outcrops shows that the fracturation evolves according to the situation in the sedimentary pile and according to the situation in comparison with major tectonic accidents.

The co-existence of oil and gas development and biodiversity conservation in protected areas is a worldwide challenge because of the risks posed by petroleum development in sensitive ecosystems. This research focuses on the relationship between petroleum development and biodiversity conservation in protected areas of the Ugandan Albertine Graben, to establish how these two sectors with different goals can co-exist without one sector significantly compromising the other. In 2006, Uganda confirmed the existence of commercially viable quantities of oil and gas in the Albertine Graben and, given Uganda's overwhelming energy needs and pressure for economic development, started to develop these resources. However, the area is also identified as a region of great importance for biodiversity conservation and is designated as a Biodiversity Hotspot, Ecoregion and Endemic Bird Area. Petroleum development has started to show impacts on wildlife, tourism, agriculture, fisheries, culture and communities. The research drew on the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact and Response (DPSIR) concept to identify the impacts of petroleum development and the wider issues that impact on biodiversity management and affect the livelihoods of communities living in and around the exploration areas. Data sources included literature, document analysis, field observations, focus groups and interviews. During the study 41 interviews involving 52 people from central and local government, private sector, non-governmental organisations, consultant and member of parliament; one focus group each in eight of the villages in the exploration areas were undertaken. The study examined current strategies to address the emerging issues of petroleum development and identified their limitations. It highlights the roles of stakeholders in developing and influencing responses in the management of the petroleum development, and makes recommendations for addressing the weaknesses currently not covered by the legislation and environmental management practices. A number of recommendations are made to ensure co-existence, including implementation of legal and regulatory frameworks, development of efficient and effective institutions to enforce and monitor the laws and regulations, maintenance of ecological integrity of protected areas and sensitive ecosystems, improving the effectivenes of environmental management tools for decision making, creating an enabling environment for participation of all stakeholders in the process, and promoting good governance. In addition, the co-existence between petroleum development and biodiversity conservation can be realised if more resources are committed by Government, NGOs, private sector for the environment sector, that there is political will to champion biodiversity conservation, a transparent decision making process, and stringent operating practices. Finally, all key stakeholders need to play a role in the petroleum development process and biodiversity conservation.