Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-120). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Carlos Campabadal Teran / The use of grain aeration as a tool to minimize post-harvest losses requires lower ambient temperature (≤ 20°C) and relative humidity (≤ 70%) conditions than what is usually available during the summer season in temperate climates and throughout the year in some tropical climate regions. Warm and moist conditions contribute to pest problems and increase dependence on chemical control for pest reduction as part of grain management strategies. The grain chilling technology is a non-chemical alternative to cool grain stored under high risk climatic conditions. For this research project, the grain chilling technology was tested in a 1,350-ton low moisture content wheat silo during the 2015 and 2016 summer harvests in Kansas. The grain temperature was lowered from a maximum of 39°C to a minimum of 17°C in less than 250 hours. The results showed that chilled grain maintained at temperatures under 20°C reduced the development rate of insect pests compared to grain stored at temperatures over 25°C and cooled with ambient aeration. However, the cost of grain chilling was calculated to be between 0.26 and 0.32 $/t higher than using ambient aeration. Through computer simulation it was possible to evaluate the performance of the grain chiller against four different ambient aeration strategies for paddy rice stored under the tropical climatic conditions of the North Pacific coast of Costa Rica. After six months of storage, the minimum grain temperature achieved through ambient aeration was 30.8°C using an aeration strategy based on a grain-ambient temperature differential greater than 10°C. Grain chilling lowered the average grain temperature from 35°C to below 15°C in 117 hours and the maximum average temperature it registered after six months of storage was 15.5°C. The economic evaluation of the simulated ambient aeration and chilling strategy determined that the operational costs of grain chilling were between 2 and 4 $/t lower than ambient aeration plus fumigation. However, the initial cost of the grain chiller made the net present cost (NPC) of the chilling strategy between 0.22 and 0.85 $/t higher than the cost of ambient aeration plus fumigation over a 10-year analysis. Several potential financial options were analyzed to make the grain chiller more economically feasible for a rice miller in Costa Rica. It was concluded that the grain chilling technology can reduce grain temperatures below 20°C in a relatively short period of time, which helps control insect populations and maintain grain quality during summer storage in temperate climates and in tropical climates. Utilizing grain chilling reduced operational costs between 78% and 88% when compared to using chemical control of pests. Additionally, it was determined that an initial cost of $74,700 for the grain chiller would require a 16% discount or at least 10,641 t to be chilled annually to make this technology viable for the Costa Rican rice milling industry. Leasing the grain chiller (ten equal payments of $10,926) or adding a premium sell price of 1 $/t to chilled rice would make this technology feasible compared to the traditional grain management strategies utilized in Costa Rica.

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LD2668 .T4 1954 O74 / Master of Science

Orientador: Marlene Rita de Queiroz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T16:57:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_VaniaRosalGuimaraes_M.pdf: 3937712 bytes, checksum: 22617dfc4dd3e6254ab76e50ba704be8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A eficiência do processo de armazenagem de grãos não consiste apenas em "guardar" a produção agrícola, mas, sobretudo evitar a ocorrência de migração de umidade, incidência de insetos e desenvolvimento de microrganismos nos grãos durante esse processo. A técnica de aeração é atualmente empregada na redução e homogeneização da temperatura intergranular com o objetivo de minimizar esses problemas. Essa prática consiste na passagem forçada de ar ambiente através da massa de grãos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar e comparar o desempenho de três diferentes estratégias de aeração de grãos de milho, armazenados por vinte e quatro dias. As estratégias pesquisadas foram as seguintes: um sistema funcionando continuamente; outro sistema acionado durante o período da noite e um terceiro sistema que operou somente quando a umidade relativa do ar ambiente estava em equilíbrio com a umidade do ar interno aos grãos. Foram utilizados grãos de milho com dois níveis de umidade distintos, 13 e 18%. Realizou-se monitoramento contínuo da temperatura por meio de sensores instalados dentro dos silos e amostras de grãos foram retiradas durante os ensaios para determinação do teor de umidade, contagem de fungos e condutividade elétrica. Ao final dos ensaios, observou-se que todas as estratégias de aeração empregadas favoreceram redução de temperatura, em grãos secos (13%) e umidificados (18%). Porém, nenhuma estratégia manteve a temperatura no interior dos grãos homogênea durante o período de armazenamento. Ressalta-se, no entanto, que o sistema de aeração contínuo aplicado aos grãos de milho úmidos proporcionou menor heterogeneidade da temperatura ao longo da altura da massa de grãos, além de evitar o desenvolvimento de fungos. O teor de umidade dos grãos sofreu variações durante o período experimental, com tendência de secagem dos grãos ao final do processo. Verificou-se grande ocorrência de fungos nos grãos advindos do campo, principalmente Fusarium e Penicillium. A condutividade elétrica dos grãos de milho apresentou-se constante durante o período de armazenamento. A operação de aeração promoveu resfriamento dos grãos, entretanto em níveis elevados de temperatura e propícios para a incidência de insetos. Dessa forma, a aeração deve fazer parte do manejo integrado de pragas, mas não a única ferramenta / Abstract: The efficiency of grain storage doesn't consist only to "save" the agricultural production, but mainly to avoid the problem with the moisture migration, incidence of insects and development of microorganism in grains, during the process. Aeration is currently used for reducing and homogenization the intergranular temperature, aiming to minimize these problems. This practice consists of blowing ambient air through the grain mass. The objective of this research was to evaluate and compare the performance of three different strategies for aeration of corn grains, stored for twenty-four days. The strategies were: (1) a continuously system; (2) an aeration system activated only during the night and (3) an aeration system operating only when the relative humidity environment corresponds to the grains equilibrium moisture content. Corn grains at two different moisture content levels, 13 and 18% were used. Continuous monitoring of temperature was carried out through 12 sensors installed inside the bins. Grain samples were taken during the experiments for determination of moisture content, mold counts and electrical conductivity. At the end of the tests, all aeration strategies showed temperature reduction in to the bins with dried grain dry grains (11%) and wet grain (16,8%). However, any strategy maintained the homogeneous temperature inside the grain during the storage period. It is emphasized, however, that the continuous aeration system applied to the wet corn grain allowed low heterogeneity in the temperature along of the height of grain mass, and avoided the growth of mold. Grain moisture content changed during the experimental time with tendency of drying at the end of the process. There was a high occurrence of field mold in the grains, mainly Fusarium and Penicillium. Electrical conductivity of corn grains remained constant along the storage time. Aeration promoted cooling of the grains, however the temperature levels were high and appropriate conducive to the incidence of insects. Therefore, aeration should be a part of integrated pest management, but not the only tool / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola