No description available.

No description available.

In the pig and poultry production industries, energy forms the largest and the greatest cost pressure when a diet is formulated. In Australia, cereal grains such as barley, sorghum, and wheat are the main dietary energy sources, comprising more than 60 % of the diet in many cases. Traditionally, during diet formulation, the energy value of a grain has been represented by a single figure for that particular grain type. However, several studies have indicated that the energy availability from different grains fed to pigs and poultry varies significantly even within one grain cultivar. Given these findings, the use of a single value to represent the energy of each grain type during diet formulation, can lead to inefficient utilisation of dietary resources by animals, and thus decreased animal performance and consequently, a decrease in profit for the pig and poultry production industries. Thus, there is an opportunity to develop a rapid and reproducible in vitro assay to accurately assess the available energy values and nutritional quality of each grain type. In order to develop such an assay, further understanding of factors that affect the available energy values of grains need to be explored. Starch, which is hydrolysed into glucose by animals, is the most abundant energy component in cereal grains, and there is evidence suggesting that variations in digestible or metabolisable energy values may be related to the extent of starch digestibility. For example in poultry, variations in the in vitro digestibility of starch between several wheat cultivars have been shown to correlate with their in vivo available metabolisable energy values. However, it is not known to what extent starch digestibility varies between cultivars of other grain types such as barley and sorghum. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that differences in the physical and chemical properties of cereal grains may play an important role in influencing starch digestibility and, consequently, animal performance. Thus, the general hypothesis of this study was that starch digestibility varies between barley, sorghum and wheat, and between cultivars within grain types and this is related to specific chemical and physical characteristics of the grains. To examine this, the following issues were investigated using 18 barley, 15 sorghum and 10 wheat cultivars : 1 ) an in vitro glucose release index ( GRI ) assay was developed to assess starch digestibility within and between the cereal grain types and, 2 ) the GRI was correlated to both starch - related ( e.g., starch content, starch granule size, the amylose to amylopectin ratio, starch gelatinisation properties ) and non - starch - related ( e.g., non - starch polysaccharide composition, kernel hardness, the presence of protein matrix and milling quality ) physical / chemical characteristics within and between the cereal grains. Results revealed significant variations in the GRI both between grains and within a given grain type. The GRI values ranged between 27 - 45 %, 25 - 54 % and 32 - 53 % in barley, sorghum and wheat respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that the GRI in barley, sorghum and wheat was influenced by the physical and chemical characteristics of starch - and non - starch - related grain properties, although the type of characteristic influencing GRI was specific to the grain type. In barley, the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, starch gelatinisation and kernel hardness influenced the GRI. In sorghum, the GRI was influenced by the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, the presence of a protein matrix surrounding starch granules and kernel hardness. Finally in wheat, the presence of protein matrix and milling quality influenced the GRI. It was also shown that the extract viscosity of grains within barley and wheat, but not sorghum, varied significantly. In conclusion, the results from this study indicate that ; 1 ) the GRI assay may be used to identify some factors that affect in vivo starch digestibility within and between barley, sorghum and wheat, 2 ) starch digestibility ( as assessed by the GRI ) may be influenced by some physical and chemical characteristics of cereal grains, and that these characteristics are specific to the type of grain The physical and chemical characteristics that may influence starch digestion will be discussed in relation to their potential physiological effects on energy digestion, and utilisation in animals. The information generated will provide a basis for future studies that will ultimately assist in the design of in vitro assays to predict energy availability from barley, sorghum and wheat grains fed to pigs and poultry, and contribute to the more efficient use of grains in monogastric production systems. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Animal Science, 2002.

This thesis examines the efficiency of the price discovery mechanism in small regional markets utilizing the feed grain markets in the Maritime Provinces of Canada as a case study. Through the application of the Law of One Price (LOP), price transmission symmetry and Vector Error Correction Models (VEC), the author determined the price relationships that exist between the feed grain market in the Maritime Provinces and those in Western and Central Canada as external sources of supply. / The results suggest that there exists a relatively high degree of arbitrage between Maritime feed grain prices and those of Thunder Bay or Chatham for equivalent quality, price transmission being strictly from West to East. Although the LOP hypothesis must be rejected in the short run, in most cases, it was found to hold in the long run. Local markets appear to be highly integrated and price adjustment occurs within a period of four to six weeks, generally corresponding to the lead time of feed grain orders and transportation from Western Canada. A price transmission analysis found no evidence of the exercise of market power in the pricing of local grain. / In general, the pricing of local grains in the Maritimes may be judged as efficient considering that the lag in price response corresponds to the replacement period for Western grains.

In the pig and poultry production industries, energy forms the largest and the greatest cost pressure when a diet is formulated. In Australia, cereal grains such as barley, sorghum, and wheat are the main dietary energy sources, comprising more than 60 % of the diet in many cases. Traditionally, during diet formulation, the energy value of a grain has been represented by a single figure for that particular grain type. However, several studies have indicated that the energy availability from different grains fed to pigs and poultry varies significantly even within one grain cultivar. Given these findings, the use of a single value to represent the energy of each grain type during diet formulation, can lead to inefficient utilisation of dietary resources by animals, and thus decreased animal performance and consequently, a decrease in profit for the pig and poultry production industries. Thus, there is an opportunity to develop a rapid and reproducible in vitro assay to accurately assess the available energy values and nutritional quality of each grain type. In order to develop such an assay, further understanding of factors that affect the available energy values of grains need to be explored. Starch, which is hydrolysed into glucose by animals, is the most abundant energy component in cereal grains, and there is evidence suggesting that variations in digestible or metabolisable energy values may be related to the extent of starch digestibility. For example in poultry, variations in the in vitro digestibility of starch between several wheat cultivars have been shown to correlate with their in vivo available metabolisable energy values. However, it is not known to what extent starch digestibility varies between cultivars of other grain types such as barley and sorghum. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that differences in the physical and chemical properties of cereal grains may play an important role in influencing starch digestibility and, consequently, animal performance. Thus, the general hypothesis of this study was that starch digestibility varies between barley, sorghum and wheat, and between cultivars within grain types and this is related to specific chemical and physical characteristics of the grains. To examine this, the following issues were investigated using 18 barley, 15 sorghum and 10 wheat cultivars : 1 ) an in vitro glucose release index ( GRI ) assay was developed to assess starch digestibility within and between the cereal grain types and, 2 ) the GRI was correlated to both starch - related ( e.g., starch content, starch granule size, the amylose to amylopectin ratio, starch gelatinisation properties ) and non - starch - related ( e.g., non - starch polysaccharide composition, kernel hardness, the presence of protein matrix and milling quality ) physical / chemical characteristics within and between the cereal grains. Results revealed significant variations in the GRI both between grains and within a given grain type. The GRI values ranged between 27 - 45 %, 25 - 54 % and 32 - 53 % in barley, sorghum and wheat respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that the GRI in barley, sorghum and wheat was influenced by the physical and chemical characteristics of starch - and non - starch - related grain properties, although the type of characteristic influencing GRI was specific to the grain type. In barley, the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, starch gelatinisation and kernel hardness influenced the GRI. In sorghum, the GRI was influenced by the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, the presence of a protein matrix surrounding starch granules and kernel hardness. Finally in wheat, the presence of protein matrix and milling quality influenced the GRI. It was also shown that the extract viscosity of grains within barley and wheat, but not sorghum, varied significantly. In conclusion, the results from this study indicate that ; 1 ) the GRI assay may be used to identify some factors that affect in vivo starch digestibility within and between barley, sorghum and wheat, 2 ) starch digestibility ( as assessed by the GRI ) may be influenced by some physical and chemical characteristics of cereal grains, and that these characteristics are specific to the type of grain The physical and chemical characteristics that may influence starch digestion will be discussed in relation to their potential physiological effects on energy digestion, and utilisation in animals. The information generated will provide a basis for future studies that will ultimately assist in the design of in vitro assays to predict energy availability from barley, sorghum and wheat grains fed to pigs and poultry, and contribute to the more efficient use of grains in monogastric production systems. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Animal Science, 2002.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Sociology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

The present investigation was done in the parish of Chaltura, Granja "La Pradera" which belongs to the University Técnica del Norte. The main objective of this investigation was to determine the primary levels of the residues of the seeds of wheat, maize, barley for the elaboration of the food mixture for rabbits. The evaluated variables, food consumed, weight gain, food value, protein percentage, production cost per treatment. Previously to the initiation of the field phase bromatological analysis were done on the three food mixtures in the National Institute of Farming Investigation, Quality and Nutrition Area. The treatments were four: TI 13.84% of protein, T2 15.87% of protein, T3 19.57% of protein, T4 (Testigo) 18% of protein The field phase lasted 90 days and 48 rabbits of the New Zealand race were used, 50% males, 50% females each of 45 days old. A randomly design was used with four treatments and six repetitions, also in the different determined significant cases between the used treatments in the Tukey 5% test From the analysis obtained the results were to administer food with a low level of protein, animal consume a major quantity like we can observe in the results of the TI which has 13.84% of protein raising the production costs, while in the major treatment the T2, which has 15.87% of protein, because of its composition it was good tasting for the animals, making the consumption of the food will increase the normal weight, and the cost of production per Kg. Of food is $0.28. The T3 has 19.57% of protein the same which is in excess since the animals only assimilate what they need and the rest is the cost of production per Kg. Of food is $0.28. The T3 has 19.57% of protein the same which is in excess since the animals only assimilate what they need and the rest is waste, besides raising the protein level, this raises the cost of the food mixture. And the commercial food the T4 (Testigo) had reasonable results, in the food consumption of the pellet food mixture like the weight increase, but it is not recommended for farming families for the cost of Kg. $0.40, giving also another alternative like the T2(15.87% of protein) with a cost of Kg. Of $0.28. Besides the experimental mixtures to the animals water was supplied and 150 gr. Of alfalfa in the afternoon on a daily basis. An enabling study was done about the raising of rabbits, and the elaboration of the food mixtures in the various families of the Agualongo, Chimbaloma, Pucará, Peguche, Imbaya, Iluman, Compania, Agato, Calpaqui, Punyaro, Quinchuqui, communities, all belonging to Antonio Ante and Otavalo.

Thesis (MPhil (Animal Sciences. Aquaculture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Chemo-attraction and –stimulation facilitate the initial location (olfactory response) and final consumption (gustatory response) of food in the feeding process of fish. Chemo-attractants or chemo-stimulants is therefore generally included in feeds for especially slow-feeding species to help reduce water fouling and to promote feed efficiency and growth rate through improved feed intake. Considering this, a study was performed to evaluate the attraction and stimulation potential of selected cereals and free amino acids in diets for Japanese koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Results are presented on the comparative evaluation of five cereals (maize, sorghum, wheat, rye and triticale), raw and cooked forms of maize and concentrations of betaine and selected free amino acids (alanine, arginine, lysine and methionine), as well as their additive effect.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCV04MA001.pdf: 365827 bytes, checksum: 83549fc5b733303769d0838e07c56a4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work the effects of the total and partial substitution of ground corn for dry rolled barley on the production and composition of milk was evaluated. Twenty-eight primiparous and multiparous Holsteins cows were used, with an average of 125 days in milk at the beginning of the experiment. The design of the experiment was a 4x4 latin square, each square being repeated seven times. Once a day, the diet was supplied in a totally mixed ration (TMR). Four levels of barley substitution for corn were tested, based on the dry matter of the concentrate (T1 - 0% barley; T2 - 33 % barley; T3 - 67% barley; and T4 - 100% barley). Diets were balanced according to the results of nutrient analysis of the feedstuffs. The ratio forageconcentrate, based on the dry matter intake (DMI), was of 55% to 45%. The experiment had a total duration of 105 days, including an initial adaptation period of 21 days and four periods of 21 days for treatment. The first 14 days of each treatment period were destined to the adaptation to the diet and the seven remaining days for data collection. The cows were milked twice a day (05:00 and 16:00 h), in a 4x4 milking parlour. The milk production was registred electronically measured. The contents of fat, protein, total solids of the milk, as well as the somatic cell count (SCC) were obtained on the 18th and 21rst day of each treatment period and the milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was determined at the end of each period. The body condition score (BCS) was evaluated at the beginning and end of each period. The mean values of dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, production of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM), and fat and protein contents, as well as their standard error of the mean were of 19.64±0.18kg, 26,95±0.12kg, 25.76±0.13kg, 3.72±0.02% and 3.23±0.01%, respectively. DMI decreased in a linear fashion when barley substituted for corn in the diet. The intake of crude protein (CP), neutral fiber detergent (NDF) and acid fiber detergent (ADF) however were not affected when substituting corn by barley. Linear reduction was observed in milk yield, FCM production and fat and protein contents of the milk as a function of the level of corn substitution by barley, while the protein percentages increased in a linear manner. No effect was registered concerning the levels of substitution on the protein production, total solids of the milk, SCC, MUN and on the conversion efficiency / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição total e parcial de grãos de milho moídos por grãos de cevada laminados sobre a produção e composição do leite, bem como, verificar quais os níveis de substituição são mais adequados. Foram utilizadas 28 vacas Holandesas, primíparas e ,multíparas, com média de 125 dias de lactação ao início do experimento, em um delineamento do tipo Quadrado Latino 4x4, sendo cada quadrado repetido 7 vezes. A dieta foi fornecida na forma de dieta totalmente misturada (DTM), 1 vez ao dia. Foram testados 4 níveis de substituição de milho por cevada, com base na matéria seca do concentrado (T1 0% cevada; T2 33 % cevada; T3 66% cevada; e T4 - 100% cevada). As dietas foram balanceadas com base na análise bromatológica dos alimentos utilizados. A relação volumoso:concentrado, baseada na ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), foi de 55%:45%. O experimento teve uma duração total de 105 dias, constituído de um período de adaptação de 21 dias e 4 períodos de 21 dias por tratamento, sendo os 14 primeiros dias de cada período para adaptação à nova dieta e os 7 dias restantes para a coleta de dados. As ordenhas foram feitas 2 vezes ao dia (05:00 e 16:00 hs), em sala de ordenha 4x4, sendo que a medição do leite foi feita eletronicamente. A percentagem de gordura, proteína e extrato seco total do leite, bem como a contagem de células somáticas foram determinadas 2 vezes nos dias 18 e 21 de cada período e a determinação do nitrogênio ureíco no leite (NUL) foi efetuada ao final de cada período. A avaliação do escore da condição corporal (ECC) foi feita no início e no fim de cada período. Os valores médios de IMS, produção de leite, produção de leite corrigido para 4% (LCG), e percentagens de gordura e proteína , bem como seus erros-padrão foram de 19,64±0,18 kg, 26,95±0,12 kg, 25,76±0,13 kg, 3,72±0,02% e 3,23±0,01%, respectivamente. A IMS decresceu linearmente quando a cevada substituiu o milho na dieta. Porém a ingestão de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) não foram afetadas pela substituição do milho pela cevada. Foi observada redução linear na produção de leite, LCG, produção e na percentagem de gordura do leite em função do nível de substituição de milho por cevada, enquanto a percentagem de proteína aumentou linearmente. Não houve efeito do nível de substituição sobre a produção de proteína, extrato seco total (EST), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), NUL e na eficiência alimentar (EA)