Dietary adherence is the degree to which participants follow prescribed dietary protocol. Without measuring adherence, it is not possible to validly measure the effect of the intervention. Assessing adherence allows the investigator to better determine whether the results are due to the diet itself. The overall goal of the analyses presented in this thesis was to assess if dietary adherence was higher on a whole grain versus refined grain provided food protocol with specific prescription for calorie consumption. Eighty-two men and women between the ages of 40-65 were assigned to either a refined or whole grain feeding protocol, using a 3-day rotating menu for 6 weeks. Daily food logs were used to assess adherence to the prescribed diets and calculate total energy consumed and macronutrient content. The first objective was to determine the caloric and macronutrient content of the assigned diets, and to compare whether the reported nutrient content was the same as the provided nutrient content. Overall, the median whole grain group consumption was 45.0 kcal per day more than they were assigned to, and the median refined grain group consumption was 10.5 kcal per day less than assignment. The refined grain diet's macronutrient composition was 52.1% carbohydrate, 19.9% protein, and 28.1% fat, whereas the whole grain group's macronutrient composition was 54.4% carbohydrate, 18.0% protein, and 27.6% fat. Both diets were within the average daily macronutrient recommendations of 50-55% carbohydrate, 15-20% protein, and 25-30% fat. There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of carbohydrate and protein between groups. The second objective was to determine if two different diets had any effect on deviation from the protocol. Overall, there was an 8.9 kcal/day difference in deviation between the two groups throughout the study. When stratifying by diet level, there was no consistent pattern of deviations from the assigned protocol. On the 2000 kcal diet, those in the refined grain group consumed 184.5 kcals/day more than those in the whole grain group. In contrast on the 2500 kcal diet, the whole grain group consumed 105.0 kcal/day more than the refined grain group, while on the 3000 kcal/day diet, those in the refined grain group consumed slightly more kcals/day on average (12.5kcal/day) than the whole grain group. The study found no consistent difference in caloric consumption between the whole and refined grain groups, as well as no consistent difference in deviations from the assigned diet protocol. These results imply that dietary adherence can be achieved in a provided food whole grains study.

Depuis quelques décennies, l’élaboration et l’étude des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des microstructures UFG et NC se sont fortement développées. L’intérêt croissant suscité par ces matériaux provient des comportements nouveaux qu’ils présentent et qui ouvrent des perspectives prometteuses d’applications dans divers domaines des sciences et d’ingénieries. Des secteurs d’activité à forte valeur ajoutée et aux enjeux économiques importants tels que la microélectronique, les télécommunications, l’aéronautique, l’énergie et l’armement s’y intéressent. En mécanique, l’intérêt porté à ces microstructures réside dans la possibilité de produire des matériaux ayant à la fois une résistance mécanique et une ductilité élevées. Cependant, ces microstructures ont montré un faible taux d’écrouissage quoiqu’ayant une résistance mécanique élevée. Des mécanismes de déformation nouveaux sont soupçonnés être à l’origine de ce phénomène notamment des mécanismes de déformation aux joints de grains conduisant dans certains cas à une inversion de la loi de Hall-Petch et à un endommagement et/ou rupture précoce. Expérimentalement, des méthodes visant à améliorer le taux d’écrouissage tout en garantissant une résistance mécanique élevée existent et sont de plus en plus nombreuses. De même, des outils numériques de simulation ont permis d’explorer certains phénomènes encore inaccessibles par l’expérience. C’est dans cette optique qu’un modèle micromécanique capable de suivre l’évolution de la texture cristallographique, de caractériser l’influence de la microstructure sur la contrainte d’écoulement et l’endommagement, est proposé dans ce travail. / Since decades, the study of mechanical and physical properties of UFG and NC microstructures has considerably increased as well as processing techniques. The growing interest in these materials comes from new behaviors encountered with wide range of applications perspectives in many scientific and technologic engineering fields, with high added value and important economic issues such as microelectronics, telecommunications, aeronautics, energy and army. In mechanics, the growing interest resides in both the possibility of processing microstructures with high mechanical strength and high ductility. However, these last microstructures have shown a very low strain hardening capacity although they were observed to have a high mechanical strength. New deformation mechanisms are suspected to induce these behaviors namely grain size deformation mechanisms which cause Hall-Petch strain profile inversion and/or early damage. Nowadays, there are many techniques to process UFG and NC microstructures with both high mechanical strength and improved strain hardening capacities. Similarly, simulation numerical tools have helped to understand some phenomenon still not accessible via experiments. Boring in mind this last aspect, a micromechanics modeling was proposed in this work to characterize microstructure influence on yield stress and damage and to study the crystalline texture evolution.

Thesis (MS)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2008. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Dennis Cash. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-106).

Th. doct.--Métallurgie--Paris Sud, 1991. / Résumé en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 164-167.

Thesis--Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. / Bibliography: leaves 77-81.

Cette étude porte sur la faisabilité de l’élaboration de matériaux multicouches à grains ultrafins par un procédé original de métallurgie douce : le laminage cumulé contrôlé. Les multicouches à base d’aluminium sont renforcés par des alliages de compositions Al-Ni-Sm pris dans des états amorphe ou cristallisés. Cette combinaison à ce jour inédite est originale compte tenu de la différence marquée de comportement mécanique et de mécanisme de déformation des constituants. Les paramètres du procédé sont d’abord définis à partir de la caractérisation de la stabilité microstructurale des constituants et de leur comportement mécanique. Plusieurs types de traitement thermique et mécanique, ainsi que différents nombres de couches ont été testés afin d’optimiser la microstructure et par tant l’aptitude à la mise en forme. Les transformations de phases (recristallisation dynamique ou non de l’aluminium, changements de phases au sein des alliages Al-Ni-Sm…) ont été analysées par diffractométrie X, microscopies et calorimétrie différentielle. Parmi les principaux résultats, la cristallisation du verre métallique induite par déformation est démontrée. En relation avec la modification de propriétés mécaniques induite par le changement de microstructure des renforts, les multicouches élaborées à partir de renforts à l’état cristallin sont plus malléables que celles obtenues au moyen d’alliages à l’état amorphe. La différence est reliée à la fois à la morphologie des débris et à l’accommodation des déformations au niveau des interfaces matrice/renfort. Au stade actuel du travail, un multimatériau a été synthétisé à partir de 216 couches d’aluminium et de 180 feuilles de renfort à l’état cristallin. Ce matériau à grains ultrafins présente encore une distribution non uniforme de fragments de renforts. / This study of feasibility deals with the development of ultrafine grained (UFG) multilayers by an original process i.e. controlled accumulative roll bonding. Aluminium based multilayers are reinforced by Al-Ni-Sm alloys taken either in the amorphous or crystallized state. This association of materials is particularly interesting according to the significant difference of mechanical behavior and mechanism of deformation of both constituents. The definition of the process parameters arises from the study of both the stability and the mechanical behaviour of the constituents. Numerous thermal and mechanical treatments as well as various numbers of stacked layers have been considered in order to optimize the microstructure and therefore workability of the multilayers. The phase transformations (dynamical or static recrystallization of Al, crystallization of amorphous alloys…) have been investigated by X-ray diffractometry, various kinds of microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Among the main results, the crystallization of the metallic glass due to deformation has been proved. Due to the modification of the mechanical properties induced by the change of microstructure of the reinforcements, the multilayers bearing crystalline reinforcements are more deformable than those containing amorphous alloys. The difference is explained by the morphology of the fragments of reinforcements as well as by the accommodation of deformation at their interfaces. Finally, a multimaterial has been prepared from 216 Al layers and 180 layers of crystalline reinforcements. This UFG material presents a heterogeneous distribution of reinforcements.

No description available.

Bio fuels are made from an extensive selection of fuels derived from biomass, including wood waste, agricultural wastes, and alcohol fuels. As a result of increased energy requirements, raised oil prices, and concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, bio fuels are acquiring increased public and scientific attention. The ethanol industry is booming and during the past several years, there has been an increase in demand for fuel ethanol and use of its co-products. To increase potential revenues from ethanol processing and its utilization, extensive research is proceeding in this field. In Western Canada, wheat is the primary raw material used in the production of ethanol by fermentation and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are one of the major co-products produced during this process. At present, the DDGS are generally sold as animal feed stock but with some alteration they could be used in other useful areas.<p> Densification of biomass and use of it for fuel like wood pellets, hay briquettes, etc. have been studied for many years and have also been commercialized. In this thesis, pellets made from distillers dried grains have been investigated. DDGS were obtained from Noramera Bioenergy Corp. and Terra Grain Fuels Ltd. Before transforming them into pellets, they were characterized on the basis of physical and chemical properties. A California pilot-scale mill (with and without steam conditioning) was used for pelleting the distillers grains with solubles.<p> A full factorial design with two levels of moisture content (i.e., 14 and 15.5% (w.b.)), hammer mill screen size (i.e., 3.2 and 4.8 mm) and temperature (i.e., 90 and 100°C) was used to determine the effects of these three factors on the pellet properties made from Noramera Bioenergy Corp., without steam conditioning. Different levels of moisture content were used for the pellets made from Terra Grain Fuels Ltd. (i.e., 11.5 and 13.09% (w.b.)), with steam conditioning. The initial moisture contents of the DDGS were 12.5 and 13.75% (w.b.) from Noramera and Terra Grain, respectively. The moisture content of DDGS grinds ranged from 11.6 to 12.03% (w.b.) for the Noramera samples, and from 11.5 to 13.09% (w.b.) for Terra Grain DDGS. The moisture content decreased with a decrease in the hammer mill screen size.<p> The use of a smaller screen size achieved an increase in both the bulk and particle densities of the DDGS. The coefficient of internal friction was almost the same for both samples but cohesion was higher in Noramera samples (8.534 kPa). The DDGS obtained from Noramera Bioenergy Corp. contained dry matter (91.40%), crude fibre (4.98%), crude protein (37.41%), cellulose (10.75%), hemi-cellulose (21.04%), lignin (10.50%), starch (3.84%), fat (4.52%) and ash (5.16%); whereas the samples obtained from Terra Grain Fuels contained dry matter (87.69%), crude fibre (7.33%), crude protein (32.43%), cellulose (10.81%), hemi-cellulose (27.45%), lignin (4.37%), starch (4.18%), fat (6.37%) and ash (4.50%).<p> The combustion energy of the Noramera samples was 19.45 MJ/kg at a moisture content of 8.6% (w.b.) whereas the combustion energy of Terra Grain samples was 18.54 MJ/kg at 12.31% (w.b.) moisture content.<p> The durability of the pellets increased as the screen size decreased which is likely due to the fact that a smaller screen size produces more fine particles. This fill voids in the pellets and, hence, makes them more durable.<p> The length of the pellets produced from Noramera DDGS increased with a decrease in moisture content possibly because pellets formed at higher moisture content absorb less moisture. Therefore, the length does not increase as much. Lateral expansion occurred most with higher temperature and lower moisture content and with lower temperature and higher moisture content. The length to diameter ratio of the pellets followed the same trend as the change in pellet length. The length of the pellets produced from Terra Grain also increased with a decrease in moisture content. The lateral expansion increased with increase in screen size and moisture content and also, with decrease in moisture content and increase in temperature. The length to diameter ratio increased with decrease in screen size and moisture content, similar to the change in pellet length. The highest bulk density of Noramera pellets resulted from smaller screen size and lower moisture. The particle density increased with a decrease in screen size and an increase in moisture content. The highest bulk density of Terra Grain pellets occurred with an increase in temperature and decrease in moisture content. The highest particle density occurred with an increase in temperature and decrease in screen size.<p> The pellet hardness increased with a decrease in moisture content and screen size did not have any significant effect. The Terra Grain pellets were harder because they were subjected to steam conditioning. Steam conditioning helps to increase the hardness.<p> The pellet durability increased with a decrease in screen size and increase in moisture content. The steam conditioning also caused the higher durability in the Terra Grain pellets. In terms of moisture absorption, the only significant factor was moisture content. Pellets with lower moisture content absorbed more moisture.<p> The ash content values of pellets were higher in Noramera samples than in Terra Grain samples because of high moisture content in Noramera samples. The combustion energy of the Noramera pellets was higher than the Terra Grain pellets because of the high percentage of dry matter and lignin present in Noramera samples. The emission results for both the sample pellets were similar. When the DDGS pellets were compared to wood pellets, emission of nitrous oxide was lower for wood whereas, carbon dioxide was higher.

Bio fuels are made from an extensive selection of fuels derived from biomass, including wood waste, agricultural wastes, and alcohol fuels. As a result of increased energy requirements, raised oil prices, and concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, bio fuels are acquiring increased public and scientific attention. The ethanol industry is booming and during the past several years, there has been an increase in demand for fuel ethanol and use of its co-products. To increase potential revenues from ethanol processing and its utilization, extensive research is proceeding in this field. In Western Canada, wheat is the primary raw material used in the production of ethanol by fermentation and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are one of the major co-products produced during this process. At present, the DDGS are generally sold as animal feed stock but with some alteration they could be used in other useful areas.<p> Densification of biomass and use of it for fuel like wood pellets, hay briquettes, etc. have been studied for many years and have also been commercialized. In this thesis, pellets made from distillers dried grains have been investigated. DDGS were obtained from Noramera Bioenergy Corp. and Terra Grain Fuels Ltd. Before transforming them into pellets, they were characterized on the basis of physical and chemical properties. A California pilot-scale mill (with and without steam conditioning) was used for pelleting the distillers grains with solubles.<p> A full factorial design with two levels of moisture content (i.e., 14 and 15.5% (w.b.)), hammer mill screen size (i.e., 3.2 and 4.8 mm) and temperature (i.e., 90 and 100°C) was used to determine the effects of these three factors on the pellet properties made from Noramera Bioenergy Corp., without steam conditioning. Different levels of moisture content were used for the pellets made from Terra Grain Fuels Ltd. (i.e., 11.5 and 13.09% (w.b.)), with steam conditioning. The initial moisture contents of the DDGS were 12.5 and 13.75% (w.b.) from Noramera and Terra Grain, respectively. The moisture content of DDGS grinds ranged from 11.6 to 12.03% (w.b.) for the Noramera samples, and from 11.5 to 13.09% (w.b.) for Terra Grain DDGS. The moisture content decreased with a decrease in the hammer mill screen size.<p> The use of a smaller screen size achieved an increase in both the bulk and particle densities of the DDGS. The coefficient of internal friction was almost the same for both samples but cohesion was higher in Noramera samples (8.534 kPa). The DDGS obtained from Noramera Bioenergy Corp. contained dry matter (91.40%), crude fibre (4.98%), crude protein (37.41%), cellulose (10.75%), hemi-cellulose (21.04%), lignin (10.50%), starch (3.84%), fat (4.52%) and ash (5.16%); whereas the samples obtained from Terra Grain Fuels contained dry matter (87.69%), crude fibre (7.33%), crude protein (32.43%), cellulose (10.81%), hemi-cellulose (27.45%), lignin (4.37%), starch (4.18%), fat (6.37%) and ash (4.50%).<p> The combustion energy of the Noramera samples was 19.45 MJ/kg at a moisture content of 8.6% (w.b.) whereas the combustion energy of Terra Grain samples was 18.54 MJ/kg at 12.31% (w.b.) moisture content.<p> The durability of the pellets increased as the screen size decreased which is likely due to the fact that a smaller screen size produces more fine particles. This fill voids in the pellets and, hence, makes them more durable.<p> The length of the pellets produced from Noramera DDGS increased with a decrease in moisture content possibly because pellets formed at higher moisture content absorb less moisture. Therefore, the length does not increase as much. Lateral expansion occurred most with higher temperature and lower moisture content and with lower temperature and higher moisture content. The length to diameter ratio of the pellets followed the same trend as the change in pellet length. The length of the pellets produced from Terra Grain also increased with a decrease in moisture content. The lateral expansion increased with increase in screen size and moisture content and also, with decrease in moisture content and increase in temperature. The length to diameter ratio increased with decrease in screen size and moisture content, similar to the change in pellet length. The highest bulk density of Noramera pellets resulted from smaller screen size and lower moisture. The particle density increased with a decrease in screen size and an increase in moisture content. The highest bulk density of Terra Grain pellets occurred with an increase in temperature and decrease in moisture content. The highest particle density occurred with an increase in temperature and decrease in screen size.<p> The pellet hardness increased with a decrease in moisture content and screen size did not have any significant effect. The Terra Grain pellets were harder because they were subjected to steam conditioning. Steam conditioning helps to increase the hardness.<p> The pellet durability increased with a decrease in screen size and increase in moisture content. The steam conditioning also caused the higher durability in the Terra Grain pellets. In terms of moisture absorption, the only significant factor was moisture content. Pellets with lower moisture content absorbed more moisture.<p> The ash content values of pellets were higher in Noramera samples than in Terra Grain samples because of high moisture content in Noramera samples. The combustion energy of the Noramera pellets was higher than the Terra Grain pellets because of the high percentage of dry matter and lignin present in Noramera samples. The emission results for both the sample pellets were similar. When the DDGS pellets were compared to wood pellets, emission of nitrous oxide was lower for wood whereas, carbon dioxide was higher.

Lorsque de l’air est injecté à la base d’une couche de grains immergée, il traverse le système par percolation ou fracturation. Il forme ainsi plusieurs chemins qui atteignent la surface libre de la couche à des endroits différents. Nous avons réalisé l’étude expérimentale de ce processus (configuration 2D et 3D), ainsi que son analyse numérique et théorique. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la dynamique d’invasion de l’air dans le milieu, à temps court et à temps long, lors de l’injection d’un flux d’air continu. À temps long, la taille typique de la région explorée par l’air (zone fluidifiée) peut être expliquée par un processus diffusif [1]. Nous avons également étudié l’effet de la gravité, en inclinant la cellule expérimentale. La comparaison des résultats avec des simulations numériques pour l’injection d’un volume d’air fixé permet de caractériser la morphologie de la zone d’invasion. Nous montrons que la hauteur et la largeur typique de la région explorée par l’air ne dépend pas uniquement du volume injecté, mais peut s’exprimer en fonction d’un paramètre χ sans dimension qui représente les effets relatifs de la gravité et de la capillarité [2]. Nous présenterons quelques résultats préliminaires montrant la dynamique d’évolution de la zone fluidifiée en fonction des différentsparamètres. Enfin, lorsqu’on augmente la hauteur d’eau au-dessus de la couche granulaire, l’advection et le dépôt successif des grains forment un cratère, composé de deux dunes qui croissent et s’éloignent du centre. La taille typique du cratère augmente de façon logarithmique dans le temps, indépendamment du processus d’émission du gaz [3].Références -[1] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 83, 011302 (2011).[2] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 83, 061302 (2011).[3] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 79, 021301 (2009). / When air is injected at the bottom of an immersed granular layer, it crosses the system by percolating or fracturing. It thus forms several paths that reach the free surface of the layer at different locations. In this thesis, we study this process experimentally (for a three and two dimensional setup), numerically and theoretically. First, we focus on the dynamics of the air invading the medium at short and long time scale, when injecting a continuous air flow. At long time, the typical size of the region explored by the air can be accounted for by a diffusion-like process [1]. We also investigate the effect of gravity by tilting the experimental cell. We contrast the results with numerical simulations for the injection of a fixed volume of air, and characterize the morphology of the invasion zone. We show that the typical height and width of the region explored by the air does not depend on the injected volume only, but also on a dimensionless parameter χ which accounts for the relative effects of the gravity and capillarity [2]. Finally, when increasing the water height above the granular layer, successive grain advection and deposition form a crater consisting of two dunes growing and moving apart one from the other. We observe that the typical size of the crater increases logarithmically with time, independently of the gas emission process [3].References -[1] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 83, 011302 (2011).[2] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 83, 061302 (2011).[3] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 79, 021301 (2009).