Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are rare neoplasms of neuroectodermal origin characterized by large polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm. GCTs rarely affect the lungs, with only a few cases reported in the literature. The pathophysiology of this Schwann cell-derived condition is not well understood but is thought to be due to recurring genetic mutations. GCTs have been linked with Noonan syndrome. Here, we report the case of a 17-year-old caucasian male who presented with partial upper airway obstruction due to a GCT. This case promotes awareness among pathologists and clinicians for this condition in the workup of patients presenting with upper airway obstruction.

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to damage, and BDNF, an endogenous neurotrophin that activates the TrkB receptor, has been shown to play a key role in the brain’s neuroprotective response. Activation of the TrkB signaling pathway by BDNF in the CNS promotes cell survival and aids in cell growth. However, due to its inability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), the therapeutic advantages of BDNF treatment following TBI are limited. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a flavonoid that mimics the effects of BDNF, is a potent TrkB receptor agonist, and can successfully cross the BBB. Our lab has previously demonstrated that administration of 7,8-DHF post-TBI results in improved cognitive functional recovery, increased neuronal survival, and reduced lesion volume. The current study examined the effects of 7,8-DHF on neurogenesis and neuronal migration in the dentate gyrus following TBI. In this study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) or sham surgery. Injured animals received 5 daily single doses of 7,8-DHF treatment (i.p) or vehicle starting either 60 mins after injury or 2 days after injury. BrdU was administered in 3 doses at 2 days post-injury for animals sacrificed at day 15, and single daily doses at days 1-7 post-injury for animals sacrificed at day 28 to label cell proliferation. Animals were sacrificed at 15 days or 28 days post-injury to examine cell proliferation, generation of new neurons, and differentiation of newly generated cells using proliferation marker Ki67, immature neuronal marker DCX, and BrdU double-labeling with markers for mature neurons (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP) and microglia (Iba1). We found that administration of 5 doses (5mg/kg) of 7,8-DHF beginning two days post-injury had the strongest effect on neurogenesis and migration, but did not have a significant prolonged effect on cell proliferation at 15 days post-injury. We also found that 7,8-DHF treatment given early or 2 days post-TBI did not affect the neuronal differentiation in the granule cell layer. However, a higher percentage of BrdU/GFAP+ and BrdU/IBa1+ cells were found in the hilus regions in 7,8-DHF treated animals, suggesting newly generated cells in this region are mostly glial cell types. Our results suggest that 7,8-DHF has neurotrophic-like therapeutic effects following injury, and due to increased neurogenesis (compared to injured animals treated with vehicle), may effectively contribute to greater cell survival long-term. Additionally, potential long-term survival coupled with increased outward migration from the subgranular zone may result in increased integration of newly formed neurons into existing hippocampal circuitry, further contributing to cognitive recovery.

En utilisant des enregistrements en patch-clamp sur des tranches aigues de cervelet de rat, j'ai observé que les informations à haute fréquence traitées dans la voie fibre moussues (FM)-cellules granulaires (CG) sont conservées à la synapse CG-cellule de Purkinje (CP). Des trains de potentiels d'action évoquent des courants postsynaptiques excitateurs importants, même à haute fréquence, avec une haute probabilité de libération initiale, une forte facilitation jusqu'à 700Hz, et ceci de façon soutenue. Ce mécanisme est possible grâce au recrutement de vésicules initialement réfractaires. Une seconde étude utilisant du decageage de Rubi-Glutamate sur les CG a permis de révéler une organisation spatialeprécise des connexions CG-PC, CG-Interneurones de la couche moléculaire (ICM) et CG-Cellules de Golgi (CGo). Des groupes spécifiques de CP/CGo ou ICM, identifiables via des marqueurs histochimiques sont contacté par des populations spécifiques de CG. / Using whole cell patch clamp recording in rat cerebellum acute slices, I found that high frequency information processed in mossy fibre (MF)-granule cell (GC) pathway is conseved at the GC-Purkinje cell (PC) synapse. Bursts of action potential could evoke strong, excitatory postsynaptic currents at the PC soma that can follow high frequency rates, with high initial release probability, paired-pulse facilitation up to 700 Hz, and sustained facilitation during tensof pulses. This fast and sustained release is possible during bursts through the recruitment of reluctant vesicles that boost vesicular release. In a second study, by using precise RuBi-Glutamate uncaging onto granule cells, and by recording either PC, molecular layer interneurons or Golgi cells, 1 found that in the anterior vermis of the mouse cerebellum, GC-PC connection follows a precise spatial organisation. Specifie sets of PC, that can be identified using histochemical markers, receive inputs from small GC hotspots.