Cette thèse présente une étude expérimentale et numérique des forces s'exerçant sur un objet en mouvement dans un milieu granulaire. La compréhension précise de ces forces présente en effet d'importants intérêts fondamentaux (rhéologie des milieux granulaires, phénomène de ségrégation) et appliqués (robotique, locomotion animale ...). Expérimentalement, un cylindre horizontal est mis en rotation à faible vitesse dans un bac de billes de verre. Les forces s'exerçant sur cet objet dans la direction du mouvement (forces de traînée) et dans la direction verticale (forces de portance) sont mesurées.Lors du premier demi-tour, avant que le cylindre ne repasse dans son propre sillage, nous mettons en évidence l'existence d'une force de portance élevée sur l'objet (bien qu'il soit symétrique), de l'ordre de 20 fois la poussée d'Archimède du milieu, et indépendante de la profondeur. Des études numériques de dynamique moléculaire (méthode éléments discrets) permettent de comprendre comment cette portance émerge de la modification de l'écoulement granulaire par la présence d'un gradient de pression dans le milieu. Aux temps longs, après plusieurs rotations du cylindre, on observe une chute de la force de traînée, qui devient indépendante de la profondeur. Le milieu se structure sous l'effet des passages répétés du cylindre dans son sillage, ce qui écrante le poids des grains situés au dessus. Enfin, une étude numérique des forces sur une grosse particule en écoulement avec le milieu granulaire est ébauchée, en lien avec le phénomène de ségrégation granulaire. / This thesis presents an experimental and numerical study of the forces experienced by an object moving in granular media. This problem, which is of practical importance in many applications (robots, animal locomotion), is also of fundamental interest (rheology of granular materials, granular segregation). The experiment consists in a horizontal cylinder rotating around the vertical axis in glass beads. Both drag forces and lift forces experienced by the cylinder are measured.During the first half rotation, before the cylinder crosses its own wake, we measure a strong lift force (despite the symmetry of the object), about 20 times the buoyancy of the cylinder, and independent of its depth. Molecular dynamic simulations (Discrete Element Method) shed lights on how this lift force arises from the modification of the grain flow due to the pressure gradient in the medium. After several rotations, when the cylinder goes through its own wake, the drag force drops and becomes independent of depth. The rotation of the cylinder induces a structure in the granular packing, which screens the weight of the grains above it. Finally, a numerical study of forces on a large particle flowing with the granular medium is sketched, in relation with the phenomenon of granular segregation.

Geophysical research has long been interdisciplinary, with many phenomena on the Earth's surface involving multiple, linked processes that are best understood using a combination of techniques. This is particularly true in the case of grain flows on sand dunes, in which the sedimentary stratification with which geologists are concerned arises from the granular processes investigated by physicists and engineers, and the water permeation that interests hydrologists and soil scientists determines the seismic velocities of concern to exploration geophysicists. In this dissertation, I describe four projects conducted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, using a combination of laboratory experimentation, fieldwork, numerical simulation, and mathematical modelling to link avalanching on dunes to its effects on stratification, on the permeation of water, and on seismic surveys. Firstly, I describe experiments on erodible, unbounded, grain piles in a channel, slowly supplied with additional grains, and I demonstrate that the behaviour of the consequent, discrete avalanches alternates between two regimes, typified by their size statistics. Reconciling the `self-organised criticality' that several authors have predicted for such a system with the hysteretic behaviour that others have observed, the system exhibits quasi-periodic, system-spanning avalanches in one regime, while in the other avalanches pass at irregular intervals and have a power-law size distribution. Secondly, I link this power-law size distribution to the strata emplaced by avalanches on bounded grain piles. A low inflow rate of grains into an experimental channel develops a pile, composed of strata in which blue-dyed, coarser grains overlie finer grains. Associating stopped avalanche fronts with the `trapped kinks' described by previous authors, I show that, in sufficiently large grain piles, mean stratum width increases linearly with distance downslope. This implies the possibility of interpreting paleodune height from the strata of aeolian sandstones, and makes predictions for the structure of avalanche-associated strata within active dunes. Thirdly, I discuss investigations of these strata within active, Qatari barchan dunes, using dye-infiltration to image strata in the field and extracting samples across individual strata with sub-centimetre resolution. Downslope increases in mean stratum width are evident, while measurements of particle size distributions demonstrate preferential permeation of water along substrata composed of finer particles, explaining the strata-associated, localised regions of high water content discovered by other work on the same dunes. Finally, I consider the effect of these within-dune variations in water content on seismic surveys for oil and gas. Having used high performance computing to simulate elastic wave propagation in the vicinity of an isolated, barchan sand dune, I demonstrate that such a dune acts as a resonator, absorbing energy from Rayleigh waves and reemitting it over an extensive period of time. I derive and validate a mathematical framework that uses bulk properties of the dune to predict quantitative properties of the emitted waves, and I demonstrate the importance of internal variations in seismic velocity, resulting from variations in water content.