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Themeda Triandra Renosterveld in the Heidelberg DistrictRaitt, Gwendolyn R. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the composition of Themeda triandra Renosterveld in part of the
Grootvadersbosch Conservancy and the effects of selected environmental and management variables to
provide guidelines for promoting the presence of Themeda triandra in the veld.
The Zürich-Montpellier phytosociological method was used to determine the composition of the
Renosterveld communities. The point quadrat method was used to determine the cover of Themeda
triandra at three grass dominated sites and compare cover from one site with past cover measurements
at the specific site. Ordination was used to examine the effects of the environmental and management
variables on the plant communities.
Two community groups, five communities and five subcommunities were identified and described.
The Themeda triandra – Stoebe phyllostachys Grassland Community Group consists of two
communities of which one has two subcommunities. The Themeda triandra – Elytropappus
rhinocerotis Shrubland Community Group consists of three communities of which one has three
subcommunities.
The vegetation units described in this study have not been described previously in the literature. One
community belongs to Silcrete Fynbos while another subcommunity is transitional between
Renosterveld and thicket and gallery forest. The rest of the plant communities fit the definition for
Renosterveld (the local Renosterveld type is Eastern Rûens Shale Renosterveld).
Cover of Themeda triandra did not differ significantly either between sites or between years. The
comparison of Themeda triandra cover between years was done at a site that had been burnt between
the last two sampling times yet the cover was not significantly different. This indicates that fire and
other management practices did not have a negative impact on Themeda triandra at the site.
Unconstrained ordination of the dataset in which cover/abundance values were included, grouped the
relevés by moisture and disturbance but the presence/absence dataset indicates that the two community
groups have a slight transitional overlap. Constrained ordination of both datasets with a) soil variables
and b) management variables, both showed a tendency to separate the relevés into community groups,
that did not happen with topographic and vegetation variables. Ordination did not separate the
community groups into their subdivisions.
The soil variables (both nutrients and texture) influence the vegetation structure and the community
distribution.
Under the existing grazing management regime, fire at three to five year intervals promoted the
dominance of Themeda triandra by affecting the structure of the plant communities, the abundance of species other than Themeda triandra, and influencing which plant community is present. The use of
fire as a management tool was regulated by the importance of the natural veld pastures to the farmers.
The natural veld pastures are not suitable for dairy cattle in milk. Thus dairy farmers are less likely to
burn the natural veld (no planned burns only chance fires) than those who farm with mutton or beef
(planned burns on a three to five year interval). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie het die samestelling van Themeda triandra Renosterveld in ’n deel van die
Grootvadersbosch-Bewaria en die uitwerking van geselekteerde omgewings- en bestuursveranderlikes
ondersoek om riglyne vir die bevordering van Themeda triandra in die veld daar te stel.
Die Zürich-Montpellier fitososiologiese metode is gebruik om die samestelling van die
Renosterveldgemeenskappe te bepaal. Die puntkwadraat-metode is gebruik om ’n skatting van die
dekking van Themeda triandra by drie gras-gedomineerde persele te bepaal en om ’n vergelyking te
maak tussen die huidige en vorige dekking van ’n enkele perseel. Ordinasie is gebruik om die invloed
van omgewings- en bestuursveranderlikes op die plantgemeenskappe te bepaal.
Twee gemeenskapsgroepe, vyf gemeenskappe en vyf subgemeenskappe is geïdentifiseer en
gedefinieer. Die Themeda triandra – Stoebe phyllostachys Grasland-gemeenskapsgroep bestaan uit
twee gemeenskappe waarvan een in twee subgemeenskappe onderverdeel is. Die Themeda triandra –
Elytropappus rhinocerotis Struik-gemeenskapsgroep bestaan uit drie gemeenskappe waarvan een in
drie subgemeenskappe onderverdeel is.
Die plantegroei-eenhede wat in die studie beskryf is, is nie voorheen in die literatuur beskryf nie. Een
gemeenskap behoort aan Silkreet-fynbos en ’n ander subgemeenskap is ’n oorgangsfase tussen
Renosterveld en struikbosveld of woud, terwyl die res van die plantgemeenskappe binne die definisie
van Renosterveld val (die plaaslike Renosterveld tipe staan bekend as Oostelike Rûens Skalierenosterveld).
Die bedekking van Themeda triandra het nie betekenisvol gevarieer tussen óf die verskillende
lokaliteite óf die verskillende jare nie. Die vergelyking van Themeda triandra-bedekking oor tyd is
onderneem in ’n gebied wat tussen opnames gebrand is. Die bedekking het nie betekenisvol verskil
nie. Dit dui aan dat vuur en ander bestuurspraktyke nie ’n negatiewe invloed op Themeda triandra in
hierdie gebied het nie.
Onbeperkte ordinasie van die datastel met die vergelyking van bedekking/volopheidwaardes, groepeer
die relevés volgens vogtigheid en versteuring, terwyl die datastel ten opsigte van teenwoordigheid/
afwesigheid aandui dat die twee gemeenskapsgroepe ’n effense oorgangs-oorvleueling het. Beperkte
ordinasie van beide datastelle met a) grondveranderlikes en b) bestuursveranderlikes, toon albei ’n
neiging om die gemeenskapsgroepe te skei, wat nie gebeur het met die topografiese- en
plantegroeiveranderlikes nie. Ordinasie het nie die gemeenskapsgroepe onderverdeel in gemeenskappe
of subgemeenskappe nie.
Die grondveranderlikes (beide voedingstowwe en tekstuur) beïnvloed die struktuur en die verspreiding
van die plantegroei. Met die bestaande weidingsbestuur bevorder brande met ’n interval van tussen drie tot vyf jaar die
oorheersing van Themeda triandra deur die struktuur van die teenwoordige plantgemeenskap te
beïnvloed, deur die getal van die verskillende plantsoorte te beïnvloed en selfs deur die
plantgemeenskap se voorkoms te beïnvloed. Die waarde wat die boer aan die natuurlike veld as
weiveld heg bepaal die mate waartoe hulle veldbrand gebruik as ’n deel van bestuur. Die natuurlike
veld is nie geskik vir melkkoeie wat in die melkproduksiestadium is nie. Die melkboere is dus minder
geneig om die natuurlike veld te brand (geen beplande brande nie net kans brande) as die boere wat met
vleisbeeste of skape boer (beplande brande elke drie tot vyf jaar).
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Wetland change assessment on the Kafue Flats, Zambia : a remote sensing approachMunyati, Christopher January 1997 (has links)
The Kafue Flats floodplain wetland system in southern Zambia is under increasing climate and human pressures. Firstly, drought episodes appear more prevalent in recent years in the region and secondly, two dams were built on the lower and upper ends of the wetland in 1972 and 1978, respectively, across the Kafue River which flows through the wetland. The study uses multi-temporal remote sensing to assess change in extent and vigour of green vegetation, and extent of water bodies and dry land cover on the Kafue Flats. The change detection's management value is assessed. Four normalised, co-registered digital Landsat images from 24 September 1984, 3 September 1988, 12 September 1991 and 20 September 1994 were used. The main change detection method used was comparison of classifications, supplemented by Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) change detection. Ancillary land use and environmental data were used in interpreting the change in the context of cause and effect. The results indicate inconsistent trends in the changes of most land cover classes, as a result of manipulation of the wetland by man through annual variations in the timing and magnitude of regulated flows into the wetland, as well as burning. However, the results also show spatial reduction in the wetland's dry season dense green reed-grass vegetation in upstream sections which are not affected by the water backing-up above of the lower dam. Sparse green vegetation is replacing the dense green vegetation in these upstream areas. It is inferred that this dry season degradation of the wetland threatens bird species which may use the reeds for dry season nesting. It is proposed that ground surveying and monitoring work at the micro-habitat level is necessary to ascertain the implications of the losses. It is concluded that, in spite of difficulties, multi-temporal remote sensing has a potential role in wetland change assessment on the Kafue Flats at the community level, but that it needs to be supplemented by targeted, micro-habitat level ground surveys.
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Biotic indicators of grassland condition in KwaZulu-Natal, with management recommendations.Kinvig, Richard Grant. January 2005 (has links)
The South African grassland biome is disappearing rapidly through advancing development and change in agricultural land use. One of the most threatened grassland types, Midlands Mistbelt, in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands is an extremely diverse and home to many endemic species across an array of taxa. Three taxa, namely, grasses, grasshoppers and butterflies represent various trophic levels, which are important to the functioning of the grasslands. Ten grasslands were sampled by walking ten fifty metre transects for a twelve-month period. The grasslands were selected as they represented a range of management practices and varying environmental conditions. Using Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) twenty-two species of grasshopper were identified as indicators of environmental variables and management practices. The abundances of the various species indicated the intensity of the management regimes or disturbances. Using the twenty-two grasshopper species abundances and a three hundred point sampling assessment of the grasses creates an assessment tool that can rapidly appraise the management of the grassland, but due to lack of data for other taxa, cannot assess whether management practices for the focal taxa create congruent results for non-focal taxa. Two of the three taxa proved to be good indicators of grassland health, whilst the third, butterflies were ineffectual, due to low abundance and richness. From the results it was concluded that burning was taking place to frequently, and required a reduction to every four years, as this would improve butterfly richness and abundance, and increase abundance of endemic and flightless grasshopper speCies. A rotational grazing system needs to be implemented at sites where continual grazing takes place, wildlife or livestock, impacts on the grassland condition and species diversity. Increasing habitat heterogeneity increases species diversity, and allows later successional species to be included in the grasshopper assemblage. Management of the grasslands in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands needs to be more responsive and adaptive. In addition, small fragment management needs to be intensified to provide a range of habitats and refugia that will suit all species. This study advocates the use of grasshoppers and grasses as suitable biotic indicators of grasslands in the KwaZuluNatal Midlands. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005
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Aspects of the invasion of southern tall grassveld by Aristida junciformis subsp. junciformis Trin. et Rupr.Van Zyl, Douglas Dirk. 20 December 2013 (has links)
Aristida junciformis subsp. junciformis Trin. et Rupr. is an indigenous, densely tufted,
evergreen perennial grass associated with the degeneration of grasslands over large
areas of South Africa. More than two hundred thousand square kilometres of veld, c.
17% of the total land area of South Africa, contains A. junciformis. The aim of this study
was to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which this species invades and
dominates grassland, specifically in this study, Southern Tall Grassveld.
Aristida junciformis also has a low nutritional value resulting in a very low grazing value.
The unpalatability of the plant is due to the high tensile strength of the leaves, whose
hard, fibrous laminas are very difficult for a grazing animal to crop once their length
attains 30 cm or more. This species lack of response to conventional grazing practices
has often resulted in a grassland in which the carrying capacity has diminished to such
an extent as to be virtually useless for grazing in a relatively short time.
The extent of encroachment of veld by A. junciformis appears dependant on the
frequency of disturbance and rest afforded to the veld. Annual burning and mowing
maintained the species composition of A. junciformis at levels <10% whilst protection
from fire, burning or grazing allows this species to dominate the herbaceous layer at
levels approaching 90%. Aristida junciformis does not become moribund and is unlikely
to die if left undefoliated. As the abundance of A. junciformis increases, veld
deterioration gradually accelerates through increased selective grazing on remaining
palatable species. Competition from adult A. junciformis plants increases the mortality of seedlings and
constrains growth of surviving seedlings. Tiller production of Aristida junciformis
seedlings declined from an average of 5.2 tillers per seedling in a no competition
situation to 2.2 tillers per seedling when subjected to full competition. Tiller production
of T. triandra seedlings decreased from 9.6 tillers per seedling free from competition to
3.3 tillers per seedling subject to full competition for resources.
Once these seedlings have become adult plants they are avoided by grazing animals
and grazing pressure on the remaining palatable species consequently increases. This
allows the A. junciformis plants to increase their size and density in the sward. Once this
density is sufficiently high, grass seedlings of either A. junciformis or more desirable
grass species such as T. triandra are unable to establish, eventually resulting in a monospecific stand of A. junciformis if left undisturbed.
Large amounts of caryopses are produced by A. junciformis - up to a 19 000 caryopses from a large mature plant (c. 38 000 caryopses/m²). Of these c. 40% is likely to be infertile but the remaining c. 60% viable caryopses are dispersed in a typically
leptokurtic distribution, the number of caryopses dispersed rapidly declining within a 10
metre radius. A large proportion of the caryopses was trapped in surrounding foliage but
in open swards caryopses had greater opportunity to be blown further distances than in
a closed sward. The density of A. junciformis caryopses on the soil surface was
positively correlated with the density of flowering adult plants in the area and varied from
400 caryopses/m² (density of parent plants c. 0.6 plants/m²) in less effected areas to 11000 caryopses/m² (density of adult plants c. 6 plants/m²) in severely encroached areas. The primary function of the three awns appears to be orientating the caryopsis correctly
for in its descent from the parent plant to expedite germination. Caryopses orientated
vertically with the awns uppermost exhibited the highest and most rapid germination
(67%) compared to caryopses lying horizontally (35%) whilst only 1% of inverted
caryopses germinated. Caryopses trapped in litter and effectively held off the soil surface
failed to germinate. Removal of the glumes from A junciformis seed greatly enhanced
the rate and overall germination of the seed except for inverted seed of which <1%
germinated.
The highest numbers of A. junciformis seedlings (32 seedlings/m²) were found in those
areas with the highest density of caryopses on the soil surface. Despite the large
amounts of caryopses produced, dispersed and landing in apparently suitable micro-sites
for germination, comparatively few A. junciformis seedlings (n=992) were found and
overall germination ranged between 1 % and 4% of the initial caryopses density on the
soil surface. Seedling survival through winter was low with only 13% surviving to the
following spring. The basal areas of A. junciformis increased overall by 66% whilst that
of other grass species increased overall by only 3% in the time monitored. These results
suggest that the primary method of encroachment of A. junciformis in the grass sward
appears to be through vegetative expansion and not seedling recruitment.
Frequent defoliation of the sward and avoidance of overgrazing to enhance the
competitive abilities of palatable species and provide as high a fuel load as possible
appear to be the most economically and logistically feasible ways to remove or at least inhibit A. junciformis veld encroachment at present. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.
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Monitoring serial changes in coastal grasslands invaded by Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and Robinson.Goodall, Jeremy Marshall. 17 December 2013 (has links)
The objective of this study was to describe the impacts of the density of Chromolaena odorata
(chromolaena) on species composition in coastal grasslands and to investigate serial changes in
the vegetation following the implementation of a burning programme. The thesis deals with key
ecological concepts and issues, so a comprehensive literature review is included.
Chromolaena invades coastal grasslands that are not burnt regularly (i.e. biennially). Grasslands
that were not burnt for 30 years were seral to secondary forest. The successional pathway from
open grassland to closed canopy forest varied according to soil type. Coastal grasslands on
Glenrosa soils were characterised by savanna at an intermediate stage between the grassland and
forest states. Shading ended the persistence of savanna species (e.g. Combretum molle,
Dichrostachys cinerea and Heteropyxis natalensis) in forest, whereas forest precursors (e.g.
Canthium inerme, Maytenus undata and Protorhus longifolia) only established where fire was
absent. Chromolaena infestations were characterised by multi-stemmed adult plants of variable
height (i.e. 1-3 m), depending on soil type. Regic sands did not support stratified woody
vegetation and chromolaena infestations were self-supporting, reaching a maximum height of
1.5 m. Glenrosa soils supported tree communities and chromolaena reached more than 3 m in
places. The density of chromolaena affected species composition in grasslands with moderate to
dense stands (> 5 adult plants m ¯² or >50000 shrubs ha ¯¹). Chromolaena stands became monospecific when the number of adult plants exceeded 7 m ¯². Succession to forest also ceased
once chromolaena became thicket-forming.
Fire-induced mortality of the chromolaena depended on grass fuel loads. Grass cover of 30% (c.
1 000 kg ha ¯¹) was required to achieve 80% mortality of the parent infestation after the initial
burn. Dense infestations could only be killed by running head-fires from adjacent grasslands
into thickets. Under conditions where head-fires could not be used, infestations were slashed
and burnt at the height of the dry season (July to August) to achieve an 80% kill rate. Seedlings
were killed (99%) by annual burning in sparse (≤ 10000 shrubs ha ¯¹) to moderate
< 50 000 shrubs ha ¯¹) infestations. The suppression of chromolaena and other alien species,
establishing on bare ground after clearing dense infestations, required chemical control until
grass cover was sufficient (i.e. 1 000 kg ha ¯¹) to effect uniform burning. Certain secondary alien
invaders (e.g. Lantana camara, Psidium guajava and Solanum mauritianum) persisted by
coppicing profusely after fire and herbicides need to be integrated into burning programmes
when these species occur. Grasslands on regic sands (e.g. Ischaemum fasciculatum, Panicum
dregeanum and Themeda triandra) were more resilient to the modifying effects of woody
vegetation, than grasslands on Glenrosa soils. Grasslands on Glenrosa soils did not revert to an
open state but persisted as ruderal savanna grassland (e.g. Eragrostis curvula, Hyparrhenia
tamba and Cymbopogon validus) once fire-resistant tree species (e.g. Combretum molle and
Heteropyxis natalensis) had established.
Depending the objectives for land management and the vegetation's condition, coastal
grasslands can be rehabilitated and managed in multiple states, i.e. grassland, savanna or forest
communities. A state-and-transition model based on the empirical data recorded in the study is
presented and shows chromolaena altering vegetation states from open grassland to chromolaena
dominated thicket. The model illustrates chromolaena thickets as the dominant phase of a moist
coastal forest/savanna succession, irrespective of soil type, in absence of appropriate land
management practices (e.g. control burning and integrated control of alien vegetation). This
model should aid in planning strategies for the control of chromolaena in subtropical grasslands in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.
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Vegetation change over fifty years in humid grasslands of KwaZulu-Natal (Acocks's sites)Marriott, David John. 23 December 2013 (has links)
Eighty three of Acocks's sites, originally surveyed about 50
years ago, were resurveyed in 1996 to determine the extent of
grassland change in the humid grasslands of KwaZulu-Natal. Sites
were relocated using 1:10 000 scale ortho-photos and present land
cover was determined for each site. Forty six of the sites that
were still under original grassland were further examined to
determine present species composition. A survey method was
designed that would emulate Acocks's data and comparisons were
drawn between original and present species composition. These
differences were then analysed together with some environmental
variables to try to determine the factors which had the most
influence on the change and which environment and management
factors are related to the present variation in composition among
sites.
Of the 83 sites, 26 had changed from natural vegetation to some
other form of agriculture such as forestry or cultivation. Most
of this change had occurred in the Natal Mistbelt Ngongoni Veld
where large areas are forested. Cultivation is found
predominantly in the communal areas where subsistence, cultivation
practices are employed.
The remainder of the sites had changed significantly in terms of
their species composition. The most pronounced change had
occurred in areas under communal tenure although significant
changes had occurred in the commercially farmed areas. The
direction of change was also more consistent towards species that
commonly predominate in heavily grazed areas in the communal
areas compared to the commercial areas. The exact reasons for
this were unclear but this could possibly be attributed to
heavier stocking rates in the communal areas.
Change in floristic composition was also more pronounced at lower
altitudes where the mean annual rainfall is lower and the mean
annual temperature higher. This could possibly be a result of the vegetation at lower altitudes being less stable and thus less
resistant to change.
Basal cover differed significantly between commercial and
communally grazed sites. Lower basal cover was found in the
communal sites where intensive grazing limits the growth of
individual tufts. Number of species found at each site did not
differ significantly between communal and commercially grazed
sites.
This study was also a practical implementation of the resurveying
of Acocks's sites and the original data set was found to be a
useful baseline data set to determine coarse long-term changes
in the vegetation. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.
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Determining the diversity of nocturnal flying insects of the grassland in the Krugersdorp Nature ReservePretorius, Estherna 02 May 2012 (has links)
M.Sc. / The grassland biome of South Africa harbours rich ecosystem diversity. Some of the distinctive features of grassland biodiversity in South Africa include globally significant centres of plant endemism, half of the country's endemic mammal species, a third of its endangered butterfly species and 10 of 14 of its globally threatened bird species. Grassland is one of the most inadequately maintained biomes in Southern Africa because 23% is under cultivation, 60% is irreversibly transformed and most of the remaining natural area is used as rangeland for livestock. Only 2% of the grassland biome is currently protected. Grasslands provide essential ecosystem services for economic development, but this biome also supports a large human population whose resource demands have serious environmental implications that threaten the grasslands‘ biodiversity. Urbanisation is possibly one of the major immediate threats to the grassland ecology in South Africa. This is also the case in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COHWHS) and adjacent areas. New housing complexes and informal housing are encroaching on the COHWHS. Indigenous fauna and flora are being affected by ecologically insensitive urban development. This poses a major threat to the fauna of this region including the insects that occur in grassland habitats. The insects play a vital role as pollinators in grassland habitats and form an essential food source to a range of predators, including grass owls, shrews, bull frogs, lizards and bats. In order to conserve the insects and therefore the food web of which they form part, it is necessary to understand the diversity of the insects in the grassland in the dolomitic areas. The COHWHS is a world renowned heritage site devoted to the origin of humankind and is characterised by dolomitic caves. These caves are also the home of a large population of bats consisting of several species. The negative impact on the grasslands in the COHWHS and surroundings pose a threat to the survival of these bat populations if the food source they depend on is negatively affected. For this reason it is important to determine which flying nocturnal insect species are available in the grasslands surrounding bat roosts in the COHWHS and surroundings. 3 The choice of location for the primary trap site was made on the basis of its proximity to known bat roosts and the fact that it is situated in a nature reserve that, although the river is polluted, contains an otherwise relatively unspoilt grassland habitat. Sampling took place over a period of 14 months during which fluctuations in the insect population was observed. The fluctuations can be ascribed to seasonal climate changes and the three veld fires that occurred during this period. This fluctuation was most evident in the representatives of the Orders Lepidoptera and Coleoptera sampled.
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Development of Range Condition Classes for Coleman County, TexasMcMinn, Philip Morris 06 1900 (has links)
This paper deals with a study of the rangelands in Coleman County just west south and west of the Western Cross Timbers of Texas. This problem consists of classifying certain rangelands in this area according to whether they are excellent, fair, good, or poor, the chief basis for which is their deterioration.
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Ecosystem succession : a general hypothesis and a test model of a grasslandJanuary 1980 (has links)
Luis T. Gutierrez, Willard R. Fey. / Includes index. / Bibliography: p. [220]-228.
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The impact of communal land-use on the biodiversity of a conserved grassland at Cathedral Peak, uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, South Africa : implications for sustainable utilization of montane grasslands.Peden, Moraig Isobel. January 2004 (has links)
South African grasslands are under-conserved and there is a need to expand conservation
efforts beyond the boundaries of protected areas. While communal grasslands have
conservation potential they are generally over-utilized and the impact of communal land-use
on biodiversity is poorly studied. At the same time there is pressure on protected areas to
allow for the sustainable utilization of biodiversity. The aim of this study was to examine the
impact of communal land-use on various components of biodiversity and to make
recommendations regarding communal use of protected areas.
A fence-line study was conducted to assess the impact of eight years of controlled communal
land-use on biodiversity in the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park. The communally used land
(referred to as the lease land) which was used for controlled grazing as well as plant collection
was compared with land under formal conservation. Vegetation was sampled using the
importance score method and veld condition assessments. Selected invertebrate taxa were
sampled using sweep netting, colour pan traps and transects and were identified to
morphospecies level.
Multivariate statistics revealed that sites generally grouped according to landscape position
rather than land-use. No significant differences were found in diversity, evenness, richness or
veld condition between the lease and conservation land. However, more than twenty-five
percent of vegetation and invertebrate species were found exclusively in the lease or
conservation land, suggesting that different suites of species were supported by the two landuses.
Four alien plant species were found exclusively in the lease land, while one vulnerable
and one rare plant species were found only in the conservation land.
Further research is required to assess whether biodiversity was diminished by controlled
communal. While the lease concept may offer potential as a low-use buffer zone, localised
damage from cattle paths and weak enforcement of grazing agreements were areas of concern.
Keywords: communal grass)ands, grassland flora, grassland invertebrates, transfrontier park. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.
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