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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Synchrotron imaging of bovine and human ovaries ex vivo

2013 July 1900 (has links)
Background and Rationale: Reproductive dysfunction affects more than 15% of Canadian women; however, the underlying causes remain largely unknown. Ultrasonography is the most commonly used research and diagnostic tool for imaging the ovaries and uterus. However, current ultrasonographic techniques allow the detection of ovarian structures (eg. follicles, corpora lutea) at diameters of only ≥2 mm. The increased effectiveness of synchrotron technology for imaging ovaries in comparison to conventional imaging methods is currently unknown. Overall Objective: The overall objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of synchrotron techniques for imaging ovaries. We hypothesized that synchrotron techniques would provide greater contrast for visualizing structural details of follicles, corpora lutea (CL), and cumulus oocyte complexes (COC), compared to conventional ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Three studies were conducted to evaluate phase-contrast based synchrotron imaging methods. The first study involved Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI) of bovine ovaries (n=6). The second study involved Propagation-Based Computed Tomography (PB-CT) imaging of bovine (n=4) and human ovaries (n=4). A third, preliminary study was conducted to explore the use of Talbot Grating Interferometry (TGI-CT) imaging of bovine (n=1) and human ovaries (n=1). Fresh and formalin-fixed bovine and human ovaries were imaged without or with contrast injection into the ovarian artery. Following synchrotron imaging, all ovarian samples were evaluated using diagnostic ultrasonography and histology. Images obtained using synchrotron techniques, ultrasonography and histology were qualitative and quantitatively compared. Results: DEI allowed the identification of 71% of follicles ≥2 mm and 67% of CL detected using ultrasonography. Mean follicle diameter was similar between DEI (9.6 ± 2.4 mm), ultrasonography (9.0 ± 2.6 mm), and histology (6.9 ± 1.9 mm) for fresh ovaries without contrast (P = 0.70). Likewise, no difference in CL diameter was detected between DEI (11.64 ± 1.67 mm), ultrasonography (9.34 ± 0.35 mm), and histology (9.6 ± 0.4 mm), (P = 0.34). Antral Follicle Count (AFC; ≥2mm) was similar between ultrasonography (6.5 ± 0.7 mm, fresh with no contrast; 6.5 ± 2.5 mm, preserved with no contrast) and DEI ( 4.5 ± 0.5 mm, fresh with no contrast; 6.5 ± 0.50 mm, preserved with no contrast) (P > 0.05). However, the contrast resolution for differentiating follicles and CL was inferior with DEI compared to ultrasonography. Small antral follicles <2mm, cell layers comprising the follicle wall and COC were not detected using either DEI or ultrasonography. PB-CT imaging enabled the visualization of 100% of follicles ≥2 mm and 100% of CL that were detected with ultrasonography. CL containing a central cystic cavity were identified using PB-CT; however, CL without a central cystic cavity were not well-visualized. Mean follicle and luteal diameters did not differ among PB-CT, ultrasonography and histology (P>0.05). PB-CT was superior to ultrasonography for detecting small antral follicles <2 mm in bovine ovaries (P = 0.04), and the granulosa and theca cell layers of the follicle wall in bovine and human ovaries (P < 0.0001). However, TGI-CT images exhibited greater contrast resolution for visualizing small and large antral follicles, CL, and the cell layers of the follicle wall compared to both PB-CT and ultrasonography. High contrast structures resembling COC were detected with both PB-CT and TGI-CT, but not with ultrasonography. Only TGI-CT permitted the visualization of the oocyte within the COC in fresh and preserved ovaries. Conclusions: DEI was inferior to ultrasonography for detecting ovarian follicles and CL. PB-CT was superior to ultrasonography for visualizing follicles <2 mm, COC, and the cell layers of the follicle wall. However, PB-CT was as effective as ultrasonography for detecting and measuring follicles ≥2 mm and cystic CL. Preliminary findings suggest that TGI-CT provides the greatest contrast for imaging both ovarian macro- and microanatomy compared to PB-CT, DEI, and ultrasonography.
2

Imagerie de phase quantitative par interférométrie à décalage quadri-latéral. Application au domaine des rayons x durs / Quantitative X-ray phase imaging with a lateral shearing interferometer. Application to the hard X-rays

Rizzi, Julien 08 November 2013 (has links)
Depuis la découverte des rayons X par Röntgen, l'imagerie radiographique utilise le contraste d'absorption. Cette technique est efficace uniquement si les objets à étudier sont suffisamment absorbants. C'est pour cela qu'on peut détecter une lésion osseuse avec une radiographie, mais pas une lésion ligamentaire.Toutefois, l'imagerie par contraste de phase peut permettre de surmonter cette limite. Depuis les années 2000, s'appuyant sur des travaux similaires existant en optique visible, les scientifiques des rayons X essayent de mettre au point des dispositifs sensibles au contraste de phase et compatibles avec des applications industrielles comme l'imagerie médicale ou le contrôle non-destructif. Néanmoins, les architectures classiques des interféromètres sont très difficiles à mettre en place dans les rayons X durs, et sont trop contraignantes pour être transférables vers l'industrie. C'est pourquoi des dispositifs utilisant des réseaux de diffraction ont été les plus développés. Ils ont permis d'obtenir les premières images de radiographie par contraste de phase sur des humains vivants.Mais les architectures proposées aujourd'hui utilisent plusieurs réseaux et son contraignantes pour les industriels. C'est pourquoi j'ai développé au cours de ma thèse un système n'utilisant qu'un unique réseau de phase. J'ai montré qu'un tel dispositif peut générer des interférogrammes achromatiques et invariants par propagation. Ce dispositif a permis d'effectuer des mesures de contraste de phase quantitatives sur un fossile biologique, ainsi que des mesures métrologiques sur des miroirs plans sensibles aux rayons X. / Since Röntgen discovered X-rays, X-ray imaging systems are based on absorption contrast. This technique is inefficient for weakly absorbing objects. As a result, X-ray standard radiography can detect bones lesions, but cannot detect ligament lesions.However, phase contrast imaging can overcome this limitation. Since the years 2000, relying on former works of opticians, X-ray scientists are developing phase sensitive devices compatible with industrial applications such as medical imaging or non destructive control.Standard architectures for interferometry are challenging to implement in the X-ray domain.This is the reason why grating based interferometers became the most promising devices to envision industrial applications. They provided the first x-ray phase contrast images of living human samples.Nevertheless, actual grating based architectures require the use of at least two gratings, and are challenging to adapt on an industrial product. So, the aim of my thesis was to develop a single phase grating interferometer. I demonstrated that such a device can provide achromatic and propagation invariant interference patterns. I used this interferometer to perform quantitative phase contrast imaging of a biological fossil sample and x-ray flat mirror metrology.
3

Interférométrie X à réseaux pour l'imagerie et l'analyse de front d'ondes au synchrotron / Synchrotron X-ray grating interferometry for imaging and wavefront sensing

Zanette, Irène 16 December 2011 (has links)
Le sujet de cette thèse est l'interférométrie X à réseaux: une technique d’imagerie développée pour la première fois il y a quelques années et qui donne des images de phase et de diffusion (small angle X-ray scattering) de haute sensibilité. Cette technique a un potentiel considérable pour la visualisation du structures qui absorbent faiblement les rayons X, et pour la détection de détails plus petits que la résolution du détecteur, par exemple les fissures et les fibres. Des structures de ce type ne peuvent pas être visualisées avec l’imagerie conventionnelle à rayons X en absorption. Dans le cadre des travaux sur cette thèse, un interféromètre à réseau à rayons X pour radiographie et tomographie multimodale a été installé à la ligne de lumière ID19 de l‘European Synchrotron Radiation Facility à Grenoble, France. L’excellente performance de cet instrument a été démontrée sur une grande variété d'échantillons de tissus biologiques mous, sur des échantillons paléontologiques, et sur des tissus osseux. Une autre partie des ce travail porte sur des améliorations de la technique d’imagerie elle-même. La première des ces améliorations consiste en un développement de méthodes avancées pour la tomographie avec réseaux. Ces méthodes peuvent réduire considérablement la dose livrée à l’échantillon durant les mesures nécessaires pour la reconstruction tomographique tout en préservant la qualité d’image. Un autre résultat majeur dans le cadre de ce travail est la conception, la mise en oeuvre et la démonstration d’un interféromètre à réseau à deux dimensions (2D). Cet appareil utilise des réseaux bidimentionnels au lieu de réseaux linéaires. L’interféromètre 2D produit des cartes d'angles de réfraction et des images de type champ sombre dans plusieurs directions du plan d’image et améliore considérablement la qualité des radiographies à réseau. Le champ d’application de l’interféromètre 2D n’est pas limité à l'imagerie par rayons X, puisque le nouveau dispositif peut aussi être particulièrement utile pour la caractérisation de composantes optiques de haute précision, tel que démontré par des expériences de métrologie à la longueur d'onde d'utilisationsur des lentilles réfractives pour rayons X. / The subject of this thesis is X-ray grating interferometry: an imaging technique first demonstrated a few years ago, which yields high-sensitivity phase and dark-field (small angle X-ray scattering) images of the investigated specimen. It bears tremendous potential for the visualization of low-absorbing features, and for the detection of details smaller than the resolution of the imaging system, such as cracks and fibers. Structures of this type cannot be visualized with conventional absorption X-ray imaging. As a part of this thesis work, an X-ray grating interferometer for multimodal radiography and tomography was installed at the beamline ID19 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. The excellent performance of this instrument has been demonstrated on a large variety of soft-tissue biological samples, on paleontological specimens, and on osseous tissues. Another part of the present work concerns improvements of the imaging technique itself. The first of these improvements consists in the development of advanced schemes for grating-based tomography. These schemes can substantially reduce the dose delivered to the sample during a grating-based tomography scan, while preserving the image quality. Another major achievement of this thesis is the design, implementation and demonstration of a two-dimensional (2D) grating interferometer. This device uses gratings structured in two dimensions rather than line gratings. The 2D interferometer gives refraction angle and dark-field signals in multiple directions of the image plane and significantly improves the quality of the grating-based radiographies. The application range of the 2D interferometer is not restricted to X-ray imaging; the new device may also be particularly useful for high-precision optics characterization, as is shown by in-situ at-wavelength investigations of X-ray refractive lenses.

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