No description available.

The gluing of unseasoned wood, called green gluing, is a relatively new sawmill process, implying a radically changed order of material flow in the production of value-added wood-based products. It facilitates the enhancement of raw material recovery and value yield by integrating defect elimination and gluing already before kiln drying. The present study evaluates green glued adhesive bonds in flatwise glued beams and finger joints. The main part of this work deals with green gluing using a moisture curing polyurethane adhesive (PUR). Standardised test methods and specially designed, small scale, specimens were used for the determination of the strength, fracture energy and the ductility of both dry- and green glued bonds in tension and in shear. Using the small scale specimens it was possible to capture the complete stress versus deformation curves, including also their unloading part. An optical system for deformation measurement was used for the analysis of bond behaviour. The influence of moisture content during curing and temperature after curing on the adhesive chemical composition and on the mechanical properties was investigated. Furthermore, the moisture transport through the adhesive bond during curing was tested. Finally, microscopy studies were performed for analysis of bond morphology and fracture. The results show that two significant factors influence the shear strength of green glued bonds: wood density and adhesive spread rate. Bonds which fulfil the requirements according to EN 386 could be obtained within a wide range of process parameters. The small specimen tests showed that green glued PUR bonds can reach the same strength and fracture energy, both in shear and in tension, as dry glued bonds with the same adhesive amount. The local material properties of the bonds could be determined, thanks to the failure in the tests taking place within the adhesive bond itself and not in the wood. Following process factors were shown to cause lower bond strength: a) a low adhesive spread rate, b) high pressure and c) short pressing time in combination with low wood density and high moisture content. Moreover, the heat treatment of the cured PUR adhesive during drying influenced the chemical composition of the adhesive, providing for higher strength, stiffness and Tg of the adhesive, caused by an increased amount of highly ordered bidentate urea.

<p>QCR 20161026</p>

La formulation de nouveaux adhésifs durant les dernières décennies a permis de développer des procédés de collage innovants pour l’industrie du bois. Dans cette optique, le collage du bois à l’état vert permet de créer une chaîne d’élaboration de matériaux techniques, sans ruptures de charges dans le processus industriel grâce à un séchage en fin de cycle. Or le collage implique un retrait empêché des assemblages au cours du séchage, induisant un développement de contraintes. À ce jour, de nombreuses études numériques portant sur le comportement du bois collé soumis à des variations hydriques ont été effectuées, sans pour autant avoir été mises en relation avec des études expérimentales. L’extension récente des techniques de corrélation d'images permet d'effectuer des mesures de champs sans contact, particulièrement adaptées à un matériau hygroscopique tel que le bois. L’objectif de la thèse est d’appréhender par des approches expérimentale et numérique les contraintes hydromécaniques qui peuvent survenir dans des assemblages contrecollés. Une expérimentation, permettant de mesurer les champs durant le séchage a été mise en place. Le modèle numérique retenu est un modèle élastique orthotrope, permettant de prendre en compte la morphologie du matériau bois. Nous pouvons identifier les paramètres gouvernant les mécanismes d'endommagement du joint de colle et proposer des conditions de mise en œuvre optimisant la tenue de l'assemblage au séchage. / The development of new adhesives during the last decades has implied radically changes in the sawmill industry. The gluing of unseasonned wood, called green gluing, allows a new order in the process of engineered wood products, thanks to the final position of the drying step. Nevertheless, the jointing prevents the free shrinkage of wood during the mass transfer, involving a stress development. Nowadays, numerous drying models have been developed to predict the deformations and stresses of wood, but few have been confirmed by experimental tests. For an organic material such as wood, the measurement of hygromechanical properties will be more efficient if there is no interaction between the material and the measurement system. One of the most promising experimental techniques for this kind of issue is noncontact optical measurement based on Digital Image Correlation principles. The objective of this study is to evaluate by experimental and numerical solutions the stress development in green-glued wood laminated timber subjected to drying conditions. An experimental method has been set up and the results allow to validate a numerical finite elements model. The model which has been chosen is an orthotropic elastic model, able to describe the morphology of the wood material. This study allows to identify the parameters governing the damage of the interface. This approach leads to suggest some preconizationsin order to optimize the behavior of product during the drying procedure.