So Lek Hang Lake. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-203). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.vii / Table of Content --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xvi / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Problem Statement --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Definition of Urban Green Space --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- Literatu re Re view --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Urban Green Space --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Classification of Urban Green Space --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Configuration of Urban Green Space System --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Different Approaches to Urban Green Space Study --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- Urban Green Space in China --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- General Problems --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Increasing Awareness of Environment --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Chinese Definition of Urban Green Space --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4 --- Remote Sensing Techniques --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Review of Image Classification Techniques --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Conventional Classification Methods --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Mixed Pixels Problem --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Mixed Pixels，Effects on Conventional Classifiers --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.1.4 --- Alternative Solutions to Mixed Pixels Problems (Fuzzy Sets) --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.1.5 --- Problems Fuzzy Classifications are unable to solve --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Object-oriented Classification Concept --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Multiresolution Segmentation --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Fuzzy Classification Procedure --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Object-orien ted Approach to Image Processing --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2.4 --- E cognition --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.2.5 --- Research about ecognition --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Landscape Ecology --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Basic Principles --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Landscape Metrics --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Application of Landscape Ecology in Landscape Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6 --- Conclusion --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- Study Sites and Methodology --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- lntroduction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study Area --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Chongqing --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Geography and geomorphology --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Administration and governance --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Environmental Quality --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Governm ent Attempt to Improvement --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Nanjing --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Geography and Geomorphology --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Administration and Governance --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Landscape Planning of Nanjing --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Comparison between Chongqing and Nanjing --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Geographical setting --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Population --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Urbanization and Industrialization Levels --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Variation in Landscape Quantity --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Comparison from Satellite Images --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- Working procedures --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Data --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- VNIR chann els --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- SWIR channels --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Data Fusion --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Designing Hierarchical Classification System --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Chongqing --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Nanjing --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Object-oriented Classification --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Introdu ction --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Procedure of Object-oriented Classification --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.1 --- Analysis of Image Objects --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.2 --- Image Segmentation --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.3 --- Selection of Features and Data Conversion --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.4 --- Class-based Objects Sampling --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.5 --- Class-based Objects Analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.6 --- Designing Object Level Hierarchy --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.7 --- Designing Class Hierarchy --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3.2.8 --- Decision Tree Classification Structure --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Comparison with other classification algorithms --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4 --- Landscape Analyses --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Selection of Landscape Metrics --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Landscape Analysis for entire cities --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Buffer Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- Results and Discussion I Variations of Image Object Signatures for Sampled Land Covers --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- Chongqing --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Spectral-shape ratio --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Selection Criteria --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Observations --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Segmentation levels --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Selection Criteria --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Observations --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Classifying Rules --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Selection Criteria --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Level 9 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Level 5 --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- Level 1 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3 --- Nanjing --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Spectral-shape ratio --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Selection Criteria --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Observations --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Segmentation Levels --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Selection Criteria --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Observations --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Classifying Rules --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Selection Criteria --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Level 8 --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Level 4 --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Level 1 --- p.129 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.131 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- Results and Discussion II Image Classification --- p.134 / Chapter 5.1 --- lntroduction --- p.134 / Chapter 5.2 --- Chongqing --- p.135 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Class hierarchy --- p.135 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Description of the site --- p.136 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Classification of “lake´ح --- p.138 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- "Classification of ""crops and grassland""" --- p.139 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Classification of “low density urban´ح --- p.140 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Classification Result --- p.142 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Error matrix --- p.144 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Class Proportion --- p.144 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Post-classification Aggregation --- p.147 / Chapter 5.3 --- Nanjing --- p.149 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Class Hierarchy --- p.149 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Description of the site --- p.151 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Classification of lake --- p.151 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- "Classification of ""crops and grassland II´ح" --- p.153 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- "Classification of ""low density urban""" --- p.154 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Classification Result --- p.155 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Error Matrix --- p.156 / Chapter 5.3.8 --- Class Proportion --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3.9 --- Post-classification Aggregation --- p.161 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.163 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Problems of object-oriented classification --- p.163 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Strengths of object-oriented classification --- p.165 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Transferability of classifying rules --- p.166 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- "Results and Discussion HI Landscape Structure of ""Urban Green Space"", Chongqing and Nanjing" --- p.167 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2 --- Chongqing --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Landscape composition --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Fragmentation --- p.169 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Contagion --- p.171 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Patch Shape Complexity --- p.171 / Chapter 6.3 --- Nanjing --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Landscape composition --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Fragmentation --- p.175 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Contagion --- p.177 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Patch Shape Complexity --- p.178 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.179 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Similarities --- p.179 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Differences --- p.182 / Chapter CHAPTER 7. --- Conclusion --- p.186 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary on findings --- p.186 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Summary on image object analyses --- p.186 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Summary on object-oriented classification --- p.187 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Summary on landscape studies of ´ب´بurban green space´ح --- p.189 / Chapter 7.2 --- Limitations of the research --- p.190 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Data preparation --- p.190 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Image classification --- p.191 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Landscape Analysis --- p.193 / Chapter 7.3 --- Suggestions for further research --- p.194 / Bibliography --- p.196 / Appendix 1´ؤEquations of object features --- p.204 / Appendix 2´ؤEquations for Landscape Metrics --- p.208 / Appendix 3´ؤVariations of Object Features along Segmentation Levels in Chongqing --- p.216 / Appendix 4´ؤVariations of Object Features along Segmentation Levels in Nanjing --- p.244 / Appendix 5´ؤClassifying Rules --- p.277 / Appendix 6´ؤVariations in Landscape Metrics along Buffers from City Center in Chongqing --- p.282 / Appendix 7´ؤVariations in Landscape Metrics along Buffers from City Center in Nanjing --- p.290