Master thesis "Effort sharing as a legal measure of climate protection" strives to give a comprehensive account of the key characteristics of the effort sharing system, which is one of the two principal EU mitigation tools of the EU. In order to provide a better insight, the thesis first discusses the topic in context of economic theory and international law on climate. The thesis itself is divided into four chapters. First chapter defines the object of climate regulation i.e. greenhouse gases their production and the legal framework of their measuring and accounting.Second chapter focuses on the economic background of climate regulation and it compares different theoretical approaches with existing regulation in force on international and European level. Third chapter gives basic account of the international framework of climate law and specifically on the international mitigation obligations of the EU, which are relevant for the EU law. Fourth and final chapter describes the main aspects of the effort sharing system in contrast to the EU ETS. It draws mainly from the Decision no. 406/2009/ES, which is currently in force and the Regulation no. 2018/842, which will shape the effort sharing system for the 2021 - 2030 period. In four sub- chapters it focuses on the definition of regulated emission...

The aim of this study was to determine a carbon and water footprint for a beverage manufacturing company. The carbon footprint determination was conducted on Scope 1 and Scope 2. The water footprint was determined on the blue water and grey water. The beverage production volumes of the beverage manufacturing company were used to determine both the carbon and the water footprint. The theoretical background to this study was based on both local and international beverage companies and the outcome for the carbon and water footprint was benchmarked against the local and international companies. The objectives of this study were achieved by calculating a carbon and water footprint for the beverage company. The carbon footprint unit of measure is g CO2e / litre produced and the water footprint is litre water/litre produced. The unit of measure for pollutant grey water footprint is measured in milligram. Based on the results achieved in this study, recommendations for carbon and water footprint reductions were made to the beverage company. Reduction targets for production year 2020 were also recommended based on the implementation of the reduction plans. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Orientadores: Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra, Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:24:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_TassiaPenha_M.pdf: 1594617 bytes, checksum: a3dc43286048d664f65908f6a7e2bc71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Em 2011 a cana-de-açúcar foi confirmada como a fonte renovável primária mais importante para a oferta interna de energia no Brasil (15,7% suplantando os 14,7% da energia hidráulica). Atualmente, as formas de energia resultantes do processamento da cana são o etanol e a eletricidade. Com o aumento da mecanização uma quantidade considerável de biomassa se torna disponível na lavoura. Algumas usinas já tentam recuperar economicamente parte dessa biomassa para uso como combustível suplementar ao bagaço, estendendo o período de geração de energia para além do período de colheita. Adicionalmente, há um esforço em pesquisa em desenvolvimento para se ter alternativas para o aproveitamento do material lignocelulósico da cana (bagaço e palha) integrando processos tecnológicos e, assim, utilizar a biomassa como matéria-prima para a obtenção de artigos de maior valor agregado. Diante dessas opções, há a preocupação em saber qual forma de conversão da biomassa é mais eficiente não só do ponto de vista técnico-econômico, mas também ambiental. A Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma técnica que pode ser usada para analisar a eficiência e sustentabilidade de alternativas quando comparadas com tecnologias convencionais. Neste trabalho, seis cenários tecnológicos para conversão da biomassa da cana-de-açúcar foram confrontados quanto ao potencial de mitigação de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e aos respectivos custos de mitigação: ciclo a vapor (Rankine) e sistema BIG-GT, para a geração de energia excedente durante todo o ano; síntese de combustíveis, para produção de etanol e álcoois superiores; conversão bioquímica a partir da hidrólise enzimática para produção de etanol; pirólise lenta para a produção de biocarvão (utilizado como condicionador de solo); e produção de peletes para exportação para a Europa. Tais cenários foram comparados com a configuração mais comum de uma destilaria de etanol na nova expansão do setor brasileiro. Análises de incertezas e de sensibilidade também foram realizadas. Os resultados mostram que a peletização da biomassa é a opção tecnológica mais promissora devido ao bom potencial de mitigação (23 t CO2eq/ha.a) e baixo custo (-7 R$/t CO2eq). A pirólise lenta, apesar da grande incerteza, apresenta o segundo melhor potencial de mitigação (21 t CO2eq/ha.a) através do sequestro promovido pelo biocarvão, porém é a alternativa mais onerosa (260 R$/t CO2eq). De forma geral, dentre as opções investigadas, aquelas mais viáveis economicamente são as que apresentam os menores potenciais de redução de emissões de GEE / Abstract: In 2011 sugarcane was confirmed as the main renewable source in the domestic energy supply in Brazil (15.7% against 14.7% from hydropower). Currently, the energy products resulting from sugarcane processing are ethanol and electricity. With the increased mechanized harvesting, a considerable amount of biomass becomes available in the field, and some mills have already started to recover and use that biomass as supplementary fuel to bagasse, extending the period of power generation beyond the sugarcane season. Additionally, there are ongoing research efforts aimed at the better utilization of the sugarcane lignocellulosic material (bagasse and straw), enabling the production of higher value-added products through the integration of new conversion technologies. In face of these alternatives, debates arise about which would be the most efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly conversion alternative. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique that can be used to analyze the efficiency and sustainability of alternatives when compared to conventional technologies. In this work, six technology scenarios for sugarcane biomass conversion were compared in terms of GHG emissions mitigation and costs: steam cycle and BIG-GT systems, for electricity generation; production of ethanol via biochemical and thermochemical conversion; slow pyrolysis for the production of biochar (to be used as soil conditioner); and production of pellets (to be exported to Europe). Such scenarios were compared with the most common configuration of an ethanol distillery in the new expansion of the Brazilian industry. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were also performed. The results show that the biomass pelletizing is the most interesting option due to the good mitigation potential (23 tCO2eq/ha.a) and low required carbon price (-7 R$/t CO2eq). Slow pyrolysis, despite the high uncertainties, features the second largest mitigation potential (21 t CO2eq/ha.a) through the carbon sequestration promoted by biochar, although it is the most expensive option (260 R$/t CO2eq). In general, among the alternatives investigated in this study, those featuring the lowest mitigation costs are also those with the lowest mitigation potential / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos