Photochemical grid models are used to evaluate air pollution control strategies by simulating the physical and chemical processes that influence pollutant concentrations. Their accuracy depends on the accuracy of input data used for anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, land surface characteristics, initial and boundary conditions and meteorological conditions. Evaluation of model performance requires sufficient ambient data. This work develops approaches for applying satellite data to allow more frequent and timely estimates of parameters required to estimate emissions and pollutant removal processes for regional air quality modeling. Land use and land cover (LULC) data prepared from remote sensing satellite data were evaluated for use as inputs to photochemical grid models for estimating dry deposition velocities and biogenic emissions. The results indicated that satellite-based data derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer instrument can be used to provide periodic updates to LULC information used in photochemical models. The sensitivity of predicted ozone concentrations to LULC data used for biogenic emission estimates was examined by comparing the database currently used for modeling in southeastern Texas with a new database prepared from Landsat satellite imagery and field data. The satellite data and image classification techniques provide useful tools for mapping and monitoring changes in LULC. However, field validation is necessary to link species and biomass densities to the classification system needed for accurate biogenic emissions estimates, especially in areas that have dense concentrations of species that emit high levels of biogenic hydrocarbons. The application of NO2 measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to validation of NOx emission estimates and identification of emission sources for regional air quality modeling for Texas was examined. OMI observations can be used to identify regions with changes in emissions over time or where estimates have large uncertainties and to evaluate the effectiveness of emission reduction strategies. For example, in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, observed NO2 column densities from OMI indicate that emission controls are less effective than anticipated due to increased area source emissions. The techniques developed in this work have broad applicability in the advancement of methods for including satellite remote sensing data in regional air quality modeling. / text

The development of new concepts and methods for improving the efficiency of power networks needs performance evaluation with realistic grid topology. However, much of the realistic grid data needed by researchers cannot be shared publicly due to the security and privacy challenges. With this in mind, power researchers studied statistical properties of power grids and introduced synthetic power grid topology as appropriate methodology to provide enough realistic power grid case studies. If the synthetic networks are truly representative and if the concepts or methods test well in this environment they would test well on any instance of such a network as the IEEE model systems or other existing grid models. In the past, power researchers proposed a synthetic grid model, called RT-nested-smallworld, based on the findings from a comprehensive study of the topology properties of a number of realistic grids. This model can be used to produce a sufficiently large number of power grid test cases with scalable network size featuring the same kind of small-world topology and electrical characteristics found in realistic grids. However, in the proposed RT-nested-smallworld model the approaches to address some electrical and topological settings such as (1) bus types assignment, (2) generation and load settings, and (3) transmission line capacity assignments, are not sufficient enough to apply to realistic simulations. In fact, such drawbacks may possibly cause deviation in the grid settings therefore give misleading results in the following evaluation and analysis. To address this challenges, the first part of this thesis proposes a statistical methodology to solve the bus type assignment problem. This method includes a novel measure, called the Bus Type Entropy, the derivation of scaling property, and the optimized search algorithm. The second part of this work includes a comprehensive study on generation/Load settings based on both topology metrics and electrical characteristics. In this section a set of approaches has been developed to generate a statistically correct random set of generation capacities and assign them to the generation buses in a grid. Then we determine the generation dispatch of each generation unit according to its capacity and the dispatch ratio statistics, which we collected and derived from a number of realistic grid test cases. The proposed approaches is readily applied to determining the load settings in a synthetic grid model and to studying the statistics of the flow distribution and to estimating the transmission constraint settings. Considering the results from the first two sections, the third part of this thesis will expand earlier works on the RT-nested-smallworld model and develop a new methodology to appropriately characterize the line capacity assignment and improve the synthetic power grid modeling.

Direct numerical simulations, where both the large and small scales in the flow are fully resolved, provide an excellent instrument to validate multiphase flow processes and also further our understanding of it. Three multiphase systems are studied using a finite difference/front-tracking method developed for direct numerical simulations of time-dependent system¬¬s. The purpose of these studies is to demonstrate the benefit in developing accurate sub-grid models that can be coupled with the direct numerical simulations to reduce the computational time. The primary reason to use the models is that the systems under consideration are sufficiently large that resolving the smallest scales is impractical. The processes that are examined are: (1) droplet motion and impact (2) nucleate boiling and (3) convective mass transfer. For droplet impact on solid walls and thin liquid films, the splash characteristics are studied. The collision of a fluid drop with a wall is examined and a multiscale approach is developed to compute the flow in the film between the drop and the wall. By using a semi-analytical model for the flow in the film we capture the evolution of films thinner than the grid spacing reasonably well. In the nucleate boiling simulations, the growth of a single vapor from a nucleation site and its associated dynamics are studied. The challenge here is the accurate representation of the nucleation site and the small-scale motion near the wall. To capture the evaporation of the microlayer left behind as the base of the bubble expands we use a semi-analytical model that is solved concurrently with the rest of the simulations. The heat transfer from the heated wall, the evolution of the bubble size and the departure diameter are evaluated and compared with the existing numerical results. The mass transfer near the interface, without fully resolving the layer by refining the grid is accommodated by using a boundary layer approximation to capture it. The behavior of the concentration profile is taken to be self-similar. A collection of potential profiles is tested and the accuracy of each of these models is compared with the full simulations.

Falbygdens Energi AB is a local grid owner in Västra Götaland county and have had an increase in the amount of cable in the grid during the last decades. This increase in cable length, combined with a lack of reactive power monitoring, has led to the reactive power situation in the grid not being fully investigated. This paper aims to examine where the reactive power in the grid is being consumed and produced, how the increase in capacitance affects the company's current arc supression coils, and how the reactive power affects contract limits towards the regional grid owner. Finally, appropriate reactive power compensation is suggested.   By creating a network model that excludes minor contributions to reactive power, including line inductance and resistance, a simplified one phase-thevenin equivalent circuit is developed that only includes the capacitance of 10 kV-cables, leakage reactance of distribution transformers and load reactance.    The results show that the contract limits are exceeded during summer when there is low or no load connected, but comparisons with contract data show that the developed model overestimates the reactive power consumed in 10/0.4 kV-distribution transformers. The arc supression coils being used today are determined to be under-dimensioned, with coils in stations T2 and T5 being nearly 50 % of the size required with regards to cable length. Furthermore, the simulation shows that a variable shunt reactor located at the furthest node in each line yields the lowest over voltage during low load conditions and can compensate for the reactive power exceeding the contract limit, with a reactor of 175 kVAr being appropriate for station T5.   The method used to determine the production and consumption of reactive power in each outgoing line is shown to be accurate regarding the reactive power produced in cables, but inaccurate regarding the reactive power consumed in distribution transformers. An inquiry with more accurate transformer leakage reactance data, as well as an investigation concering the economical aspects of the shunt reactor compensation is recommended.

The effective modeling and analysis of large-scale power system disturbances especially those stemming from intentional attack represents an open engineering and research problem. Challenges stem from the need to develop intelligent models of cyber-physical attacks that produce salient disruptions and appropriately describe meaningful cyber-physical interdependencies such that they balance precision, scale and complexity. In our research, we present a foundation for the development of a class of intelligent cyber-physical attacks termed coordinated variable structure switching attacks whereby opponents aim to destabilize the power grid through con- trolled switching sequence. Such switching is facilitated by cyber-attack and corruption of communication channels and control signals of the associated switch(es). We provide methods and theorems to construct such attack models and demonstrate their utility in the simulation of extensive system disturbances. Our proposed class of cyber-physical switching attacks for smart grid systems has the potential to disrupt large-scale power system operation within a short interval of time. Through successful cyber intrusion, an opponent can remotely apply a state- dependent coordinated switching sequence on one or more relays and circuit breakers of a power system to disrupt operation. Existence of this switching vulnerability is dependent on the local structure of the power grid. Variable structure systems theory is employed to effectively model the cyber-physical aspects of a smart grid and determine the existence of the vulnerability and construct the destabilizing switching attack sequence. We illustrate the utility of the attack approach assess its impact on the different power system test cases including the single machine infinite bus power system model and the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) 3-machine 9-bus system through MATLAB/Simulink and PSCAD simulation environment. The results demonstrate the potential of our approach for practical attack. Moreover, we build on our work in several ways. First, we extend the research to demonstrate an approach to mitigation within the variable structure system frame- work. We demonstrate via small signal analysis how through persistent switching a stable sliding mode can be used to disrupt a dynamical system that seems stable. We also design an approach to vulnerability analysis to assess the feasibility of co-ordinated variable structure switching attacks. Moreover, we study the performance of our attack construction approach when the opponent has imperfect knowledge of the local system dynamics and partial knowledge of the generator state. Based on the system with modeling errors, we study the performance of coordinated variable structure switching attacks in the presence of state estimation. Finally, we illustrate the concepts of attack model within the multiple switching framework, the cascading failure analysis is employed in the New-England 10-machine, 39-bus power system using MATLAB/Simulink and DSATools simulation environment. Our results demonstrate the potential for coordinated variable structure switching attacks to enable large-scale power system disturbances.

Filtered two-fluid models used to perform large scale simulations of gas-solid fluidized flows of industrial risers require closures for filtered parameters such as filtered and residual stresses, and interphase interaction forces mainly effective drag. Closure models for those filtered parameters may be derived by averaging over results of highly resolved simulations with microscopic two-fluid modeling. This work is a contribution in that context. Recent models for filtered parameters have been written as functions of filter size, filtered solid volume fraction, and filtered slip velocity. A recent study showed that macro-scale variables like domain average solid volume fraction and gas Reynolds number also significantly affect the filtered parameters. In the current work, in addition to these filtered and macro-scale variables, the effects of two new variables over the filtered parameters are investigated: filtered solid kinetic energy and sub-grid gas turbulence. It is shown that the filtered solid kinetic energy should be accounted for in the concerning correlations, thereby improving accuracy. Regarding gas turbulence, literature shows it has no significant effects on the motion of high Stokes particles. Extending on literature, this work investigates the sub-grid gas turbulence effects on meso-scale structures formed of high Stokes particles. Results showed that sub-grid gas turbulence has no significant effects on the meso-scale structures and corresponding filtered parameters. The open source code MFIX was used for all simulations. Ranges of dilute concentration of solid and gas Reynolds number typical of riser flow regimes were considered. A modified two-fluid model with microscopic formulation was used. The sub-grid gas turbulence was generated by means of a forcing function procedure which was implemented in the physical space, over the gravitational term of the momentum conservation equation of the gas phase. First, numerical simulations of the gas phase alone were performed, accounting for literature available data, in order to set a turbulent gas field and calibrate the turbulence intensity. Then, the forcing function was introduced in to the two-fluid model and various gas-solid flows were simulated. While the current results show the necessity of accounting for additional variables in the filtered parameter correlation, they also make it clear the necessity of further developments that are required in the search for better accuracy. / Modelos filtrados de dois-fluidos usados em simulações de grandes escalas de escoamentos fluidizados de gás-sólido de risers industriais exigem fechamentos para parâmetros filtrados tais como as tensões filtradas e residuais, e forças interativas interfases, principalmente arrasto efetivo. Modelos de fechamento para estes parâmetros filtrados podem ser gerados a partir de procedimentos de media aplicados sobre resultados de simulações altamente resolvidas com modelagem microscópica de dois-fluidos. Este trabalho é uma contribuição neste contexto. Modelos de fechamento recentes para parâmetros filtrados tem sido formulados em função de tamanho de filtro, fração volumétrica de sólido filtrada, e velocidade de deslizamento filtrada. Estudo recente mostrou que variáveis de macro-escalas como fração volumétrica de sólido e número de Reynolds de gás médios no domínio também afetam significativamente os parâmetros filtrados. No presente trabalho, além dessas variáveis filtradas e de macro-escala, os efeitos de duas novas variáveis sobre os parâmetros filtrados são investigados: energia cinética filtrada do sólido e turbulência submalha do gás. Em relação à energia cinética filtrada do sólido, mostra-se que a sua consideração refina as correlações em questão, contribuindo assim para melhor acuracidade. Com relação à turbulência do gás, a literatura mostra que não tem efeitos significativos no movimento de particulados de elevados números de Stokes. Acrescentando à literatura, este trabalho investiga os efeitos da turbulência sub-malha do gás sobre estruturas de meso-escala formados de particulados de elevados números de Stokes. Os resultados mostraram que a turbulência sub-malha do gás não tem efeitos significativos sobre estruturas de meso-escalas e parâmetros filtrados correspondentes. O código aberto MFIX foi usado para todas as simulações. Faixas de concentração diluída de sólido e número de Reynolds típicos de escoamentos em risers foram considerados. Um modelo modificado de dois fluidos com formulação microscópica foi utilizado. A turbulência sub-malha do gás foi gerada por meio de um procedimento de \'forcing function\' que foi implementado no espaço físico, sobre o termo fonte gravitacional da equação de momentum da fase gás. Primeiramente, simulações numéricas da fase gás foram realizadas separadamente, levando-se em conta dados disponíveis na literatura, a fim de gerar um campo de gás turbulento e calibrar a intensidade de turbulência. Posteriormente, a \'forcing function\' foi introduzida no modelo de dois-fluidos e vários escoamentos de gás-sólido foram simulados. Enquanto os resultados obtidos mostram a necessidade de consideração de variáveis adicionais para correlação de parâmetros filtrados, também deixam claro a necessidade de desenvolvimentos mais aprofundados na busca de melhor acuracidade.

Filtered two-fluid models used to perform large scale simulations of gas-solid fluidized flows of industrial risers require closures for filtered parameters such as filtered and residual stresses, and interphase interaction forces mainly effective drag. Closure models for those filtered parameters may be derived by averaging over results of highly resolved simulations with microscopic two-fluid modeling. This work is a contribution in that context. Recent models for filtered parameters have been written as functions of filter size, filtered solid volume fraction, and filtered slip velocity. A recent study showed that macro-scale variables like domain average solid volume fraction and gas Reynolds number also significantly affect the filtered parameters. In the current work, in addition to these filtered and macro-scale variables, the effects of two new variables over the filtered parameters are investigated: filtered solid kinetic energy and sub-grid gas turbulence. It is shown that the filtered solid kinetic energy should be accounted for in the concerning correlations, thereby improving accuracy. Regarding gas turbulence, literature shows it has no significant effects on the motion of high Stokes particles. Extending on literature, this work investigates the sub-grid gas turbulence effects on meso-scale structures formed of high Stokes particles. Results showed that sub-grid gas turbulence has no significant effects on the meso-scale structures and corresponding filtered parameters. The open source code MFIX was used for all simulations. Ranges of dilute concentration of solid and gas Reynolds number typical of riser flow regimes were considered. A modified two-fluid model with microscopic formulation was used. The sub-grid gas turbulence was generated by means of a forcing function procedure which was implemented in the physical space, over the gravitational term of the momentum conservation equation of the gas phase. First, numerical simulations of the gas phase alone were performed, accounting for literature available data, in order to set a turbulent gas field and calibrate the turbulence intensity. Then, the forcing function was introduced in to the two-fluid model and various gas-solid flows were simulated. While the current results show the necessity of accounting for additional variables in the filtered parameter correlation, they also make it clear the necessity of further developments that are required in the search for better accuracy. / Modelos filtrados de dois-fluidos usados em simulações de grandes escalas de escoamentos fluidizados de gás-sólido de risers industriais exigem fechamentos para parâmetros filtrados tais como as tensões filtradas e residuais, e forças interativas interfases, principalmente arrasto efetivo. Modelos de fechamento para estes parâmetros filtrados podem ser gerados a partir de procedimentos de media aplicados sobre resultados de simulações altamente resolvidas com modelagem microscópica de dois-fluidos. Este trabalho é uma contribuição neste contexto. Modelos de fechamento recentes para parâmetros filtrados tem sido formulados em função de tamanho de filtro, fração volumétrica de sólido filtrada, e velocidade de deslizamento filtrada. Estudo recente mostrou que variáveis de macro-escalas como fração volumétrica de sólido e número de Reynolds de gás médios no domínio também afetam significativamente os parâmetros filtrados. No presente trabalho, além dessas variáveis filtradas e de macro-escala, os efeitos de duas novas variáveis sobre os parâmetros filtrados são investigados: energia cinética filtrada do sólido e turbulência submalha do gás. Em relação à energia cinética filtrada do sólido, mostra-se que a sua consideração refina as correlações em questão, contribuindo assim para melhor acuracidade. Com relação à turbulência do gás, a literatura mostra que não tem efeitos significativos no movimento de particulados de elevados números de Stokes. Acrescentando à literatura, este trabalho investiga os efeitos da turbulência sub-malha do gás sobre estruturas de meso-escala formados de particulados de elevados números de Stokes. Os resultados mostraram que a turbulência sub-malha do gás não tem efeitos significativos sobre estruturas de meso-escalas e parâmetros filtrados correspondentes. O código aberto MFIX foi usado para todas as simulações. Faixas de concentração diluída de sólido e número de Reynolds típicos de escoamentos em risers foram considerados. Um modelo modificado de dois fluidos com formulação microscópica foi utilizado. A turbulência sub-malha do gás foi gerada por meio de um procedimento de \'forcing function\' que foi implementado no espaço físico, sobre o termo fonte gravitacional da equação de momentum da fase gás. Primeiramente, simulações numéricas da fase gás foram realizadas separadamente, levando-se em conta dados disponíveis na literatura, a fim de gerar um campo de gás turbulento e calibrar a intensidade de turbulência. Posteriormente, a \'forcing function\' foi introduzida no modelo de dois-fluidos e vários escoamentos de gás-sólido foram simulados. Enquanto os resultados obtidos mostram a necessidade de consideração de variáveis adicionais para correlação de parâmetros filtrados, também deixam claro a necessidade de desenvolvimentos mais aprofundados na busca de melhor acuracidade.

Integrating decision analytical techniques in geographic information systems (GIS) can help remove the two primary obstacles in spatial decision making: inaccessibility to required geographic data and difficulties in synthesizing various criteria. I developed a GIS model to assist people seeking optimal residential locations. Fuzzy set theory was used to codify criteria for each factor used in evaluating residential locations, and weighted linear combination (WLC) was employed to simulate users' preferences in decision making. Three examples were used to demonstrate the applications in the study area. The results from the examples were analyzed. The model and the ArcGIS Extension can be used in other geographic areas for residential location selection, or in other applications of spatial decision making.

Gas-solid fluidized bed reactors are widely applied in chemical and energy industries, and their design and scale-up are virtually empirical, extremely expensive and time consuming. This scenario has motivated the development of alternative theoretical tools, and two-fluid modeling, where gas and particulate are both treated as interpenetrating continuum phases, has appeared as a most promising approach. Owing to the large domains to be resolved in real-scale fluidized bed reactors, only filtered modeling approaches are feasible, and closure models become necessary to recover sub-grid effects that are filtered by the very coarse numerical grids that are imposed owing to computational limitations. Those closure models, which in hydrodynamic formulations account for filtered interphase momentum exchanges and filtered and residual stresses in the phases, can be derived from results of highly resolved simulations (HRS) performed over small size domains under refined numerical grids. One widely practiced approach consists of applying two-fluid modeling under micro-scale defined closures, generally known as microscopic two-fluid modeling. This approach includes microscopic closures for solid phase stresses derived from the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF), which accounts for kinetic-collisional effects only, and is adequate to dilute flows. Otherwise, the conventional KTGF does not account for interparticle friction effects, and its application to dense flow conditions is quite questionable. In this work a literature available modified version of KTGF is applied which also accounts for interparticle friction, and highly resolved simulations are performed for dense flow conditions in order to evaluate the effects of friction over relevant filtered parameters (namely effective drag coefficient, filtered and residual stresses). Ranges of domain average solid volume fractions and gas Reynolds numbers are considered (macro-scale conditions) embracing dense gas-solid fluidized flows from suspensions up to pneumatic transport. The MFIX open source code is used in all the simulations, which are performed over 2D periodical domains for a unique monodisperse particulate. The HRS results (i.e. meso-scale flow fields) are filtered over regions compatible with grid sizes in large scale simulations, and the relevant filtered parameters of concern are derived and classified by ranges of other filtered parameters taken as independent variables (filtered solid volume fraction, filtered slip velocity, and filtered kinetic energy of solid velocity fluctuations, which are referred to as markers). Results show that the relevant filtered parameters of concern are well correlated to all of those filtered markers, and also to all of the imposed macro-scale conditions. Otherwise, interparticle friction showed no significant effects over any filtered parameter. It is recognized that this issue clearly requires further investigation notably regarding the suitability of the markers that were assumed for classifying the filtered results. The current work is intended as a contribution for future developments of more accurate closure models for large scale simulations of gas-solid fluidized flows. / Reatores de leito fluidizado de escoamento gás-sólido são largamente utilizados nas indústrias química e de energia, e o seu projeto e escalonamento são virtualmente empíricos, extremamente caros e demorados. Este cenário tem motivado o desenvolvimento de ferramentas teóricas alternativas, e a modelagem de dois fluidos, onde gás e particulado são ambos tratados com fases contínuas interpenetrantes, tem surgido como uma aproximação muito promissora. Devido aos grandes domínios a serem resolvidos em reatores de leito fluidizado de escala real, apenas aproximações de modelagem filtradas são viáveis, e modelos de fechamento tornam-se necessários para recuperar efeitos sub-malha que são filtrados pelas malhas numéricas grosseiras que são impostas devido as limitações computacionais. Estes modelos de fechamento, que em formulações hidrodinâmicas respondem principalmente por trocas de momentum filtradas entre fases e tensões filtradas e residuais nas fases, podem ser obtidos de resultados de simulações altamente resolvidas (SAR) realizadas em domínios de dimensões reduzidas sob malhas numéricas refinadas. Uma aproximação largamente praticada consiste na aplicação de modelagem de dois fluidos sob fechamentos definidos na micro-escala, genericamente conhecida como modelagem microscópica de dois fluidos. Esta aproximação inclui fechamentos microscópicos para tensões da fase sólida obtidos da teoria cinética dos escoamentos granulares (TCEG), que considera apenas efeitos cinéticos-colisionais, e é adequada para escoamentos diluídos. Por outro lado, a TCEG convencional não leva em conta efeitos de fricção interpartículas, e sua aplicação para condições densas de escoamento é bastante questionável. Neste trabalho aplica-se uma versão modificada da TCEG disponível na literatura que também leva em conta fricção interpartículas, e simulações altamente resolvidas são realizadas para condições de escoamentos densos visando avaliar os efeitos da fricção sobre os parâmetros filtrados relevantes (coeficiente de arrasto efetivo, tensões filtradas e residuais). Considera-se faixas de frações volumétricas de sólido e números de Reynolds do gás médios no domínio (condições de macro-escala) abrangendo escoamentos gás-sólido fluidizados densos desde suspensões até transporte pneumático. O código aberto MFIX é utilizado em todas as simulações, que foram executadas sobre domínios periódicos 2D para um único particulado monodisperso. Os resultados das SAR (i.e., campos de escoamento de meso-escala) foram filtrados sobre regiões compatíveis com tamanhos de malha praticados em simulações de grandes escalas, e os parâmetros filtrados relevantes de interesse são calculados e classificados por faixas de outros parâmetros filtrados tomados como variáveis independentes (fração volumétrica de sólido filtrada, velocidade de deslizamento filtrada, e energia cinética das flutuações de velocidade da fase sólida filtrada, que são referidos como marcadores). Os resultados mostram que os parâmetros filtrados relevantes de interesse são bem correlacionados com todos os marcadores, e também com todas as condições de macro-escala impostas. Por outro lado, a fricção interpartículas não mostrou efeitos significativos sobre qualquer parâmetro filtrado. Reconhece-se que este aspecto claramente requer investigações adicionais, notadamente com respeito à adequação dos marcadores que foram considerados para classificação dos resultados filtrados. O trabalho corrente é posto como uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento futuro de modelos de fechamento mais acurados para simulações de grandes escalas de escoamentos gás-sólido fluidizados.

Gas-solid fluidized bed reactors are widely applied in chemical and energy industries, and their design and scale-up are virtually empirical, extremely expensive and time consuming. This scenario has motivated the development of alternative theoretical tools, and two-fluid modeling, where gas and particulate are both treated as interpenetrating continuum phases, has appeared as a most promising approach. Owing to the large domains to be resolved in real-scale fluidized bed reactors, only filtered modeling approaches are feasible, and closure models become necessary to recover sub-grid effects that are filtered by the very coarse numerical grids that are imposed owing to computational limitations. Those closure models, which in hydrodynamic formulations account for filtered interphase momentum exchanges and filtered and residual stresses in the phases, can be derived from results of highly resolved simulations (HRS) performed over small size domains under refined numerical grids. One widely practiced approach consists of applying two-fluid modeling under micro-scale defined closures, generally known as microscopic two-fluid modeling. This approach includes microscopic closures for solid phase stresses derived from the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF), which accounts for kinetic-collisional effects only, and is adequate to dilute flows. Otherwise, the conventional KTGF does not account for interparticle friction effects, and its application to dense flow conditions is quite questionable. In this work a literature available modified version of KTGF is applied which also accounts for interparticle friction, and highly resolved simulations are performed for dense flow conditions in order to evaluate the effects of friction over relevant filtered parameters (namely effective drag coefficient, filtered and residual stresses). Ranges of domain average solid volume fractions and gas Reynolds numbers are considered (macro-scale conditions) embracing dense gas-solid fluidized flows from suspensions up to pneumatic transport. The MFIX open source code is used in all the simulations, which are performed over 2D periodical domains for a unique monodisperse particulate. The HRS results (i.e. meso-scale flow fields) are filtered over regions compatible with grid sizes in large scale simulations, and the relevant filtered parameters of concern are derived and classified by ranges of other filtered parameters taken as independent variables (filtered solid volume fraction, filtered slip velocity, and filtered kinetic energy of solid velocity fluctuations, which are referred to as markers). Results show that the relevant filtered parameters of concern are well correlated to all of those filtered markers, and also to all of the imposed macro-scale conditions. Otherwise, interparticle friction showed no significant effects over any filtered parameter. It is recognized that this issue clearly requires further investigation notably regarding the suitability of the markers that were assumed for classifying the filtered results. The current work is intended as a contribution for future developments of more accurate closure models for large scale simulations of gas-solid fluidized flows. / Reatores de leito fluidizado de escoamento gás-sólido são largamente utilizados nas indústrias química e de energia, e o seu projeto e escalonamento são virtualmente empíricos, extremamente caros e demorados. Este cenário tem motivado o desenvolvimento de ferramentas teóricas alternativas, e a modelagem de dois fluidos, onde gás e particulado são ambos tratados com fases contínuas interpenetrantes, tem surgido como uma aproximação muito promissora. Devido aos grandes domínios a serem resolvidos em reatores de leito fluidizado de escala real, apenas aproximações de modelagem filtradas são viáveis, e modelos de fechamento tornam-se necessários para recuperar efeitos sub-malha que são filtrados pelas malhas numéricas grosseiras que são impostas devido as limitações computacionais. Estes modelos de fechamento, que em formulações hidrodinâmicas respondem principalmente por trocas de momentum filtradas entre fases e tensões filtradas e residuais nas fases, podem ser obtidos de resultados de simulações altamente resolvidas (SAR) realizadas em domínios de dimensões reduzidas sob malhas numéricas refinadas. Uma aproximação largamente praticada consiste na aplicação de modelagem de dois fluidos sob fechamentos definidos na micro-escala, genericamente conhecida como modelagem microscópica de dois fluidos. Esta aproximação inclui fechamentos microscópicos para tensões da fase sólida obtidos da teoria cinética dos escoamentos granulares (TCEG), que considera apenas efeitos cinéticos-colisionais, e é adequada para escoamentos diluídos. Por outro lado, a TCEG convencional não leva em conta efeitos de fricção interpartículas, e sua aplicação para condições densas de escoamento é bastante questionável. Neste trabalho aplica-se uma versão modificada da TCEG disponível na literatura que também leva em conta fricção interpartículas, e simulações altamente resolvidas são realizadas para condições de escoamentos densos visando avaliar os efeitos da fricção sobre os parâmetros filtrados relevantes (coeficiente de arrasto efetivo, tensões filtradas e residuais). Considera-se faixas de frações volumétricas de sólido e números de Reynolds do gás médios no domínio (condições de macro-escala) abrangendo escoamentos gás-sólido fluidizados densos desde suspensões até transporte pneumático. O código aberto MFIX é utilizado em todas as simulações, que foram executadas sobre domínios periódicos 2D para um único particulado monodisperso. Os resultados das SAR (i.e., campos de escoamento de meso-escala) foram filtrados sobre regiões compatíveis com tamanhos de malha praticados em simulações de grandes escalas, e os parâmetros filtrados relevantes de interesse são calculados e classificados por faixas de outros parâmetros filtrados tomados como variáveis independentes (fração volumétrica de sólido filtrada, velocidade de deslizamento filtrada, e energia cinética das flutuações de velocidade da fase sólida filtrada, que são referidos como marcadores). Os resultados mostram que os parâmetros filtrados relevantes de interesse são bem correlacionados com todos os marcadores, e também com todas as condições de macro-escala impostas. Por outro lado, a fricção interpartículas não mostrou efeitos significativos sobre qualquer parâmetro filtrado. Reconhece-se que este aspecto claramente requer investigações adicionais, notadamente com respeito à adequação dos marcadores que foram considerados para classificação dos resultados filtrados. O trabalho corrente é posto como uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento futuro de modelos de fechamento mais acurados para simulações de grandes escalas de escoamentos gás-sólido fluidizados.