Yes / There is a significant lack of geomagnetic field strength (archaeointensity) measurements for many archaeological time periods in the United Kingdom (UK). This not only makes past geomagnetic secular variation difficult to model but also limits the development of archaeointensity dating. This paper presents the first archaeointensity study on UK Neolithic material. In this study, twenty-five sherds of Neolithic Grooved Ware pottery from the Ness of Brodgar, Orkney, UK, some with direct radiocarbon dates, were subjected to a full archaeomagnetic investigation with the aim of increasing the amount of archaeointensity data for the UK. Both thermal Thellier and microwave palaeointensity experiments were used to determine which technique would be most suitable for British Neolithic pottery. Three successful archaeointensity results between 35 and 40μT were obtained using thermal Thellier method, which is consistent with the limited data available within a 15° radius and geomagnetic field model predictions from the same time. We separated the results into four different types with an intention of explaining the behaviours that determine the likelihood of achieving an acceptable archaeointensity estimate. The feasibility of obtaining geomagnetic field strength information during the UK Neolithic from ceramics has been demonstrated and the results provide a solid basis for improving our knowledge of geomagnetic secular variation during archaeological time in Britain. / The Andy Jagger Fund, University of Bradford, for supporting the stay at the University of Liverpool and Crafoord Grant, Sweden, No. 20160763. The radiocarbon dates were funded by AHRC NF/2017/2/7.

Clinical experience has shown that patients performing the Grooved Pegboard Test have difficulty maintaining the manualized right-to-left placement strategy with their left hand. This study sought to investigate possible differences in placement time on the Grooved Pegboard task between participants using the standardized left hand approach and a reversed manualized left hand placement strategy (i.e., left-to-right). The participants included 63 male and female undergraduate volunteers between the ages of 18 and 25 years. All participants had no history of neurologic disease/trauma, or conditions that would affect motor functioning of the right and left upper extremities. Data were analyzed using a 3-way mixed-design ANOVA. Results revealed a significant main effects for gender (F(1, 59) = 5.215, p = .026) and handedness (F(1, 59) = 6.362, p = .014). Of primary interest was the main effect for placement direction, which was not significant, F(1, 59) = .120, p = .731. No significant interaction was observed (all p > .40). Recommendations for the use of this test in applied neuropsychological settings are offered.

This thesis considers the nature of pottery and its wider roles in the Highlands and Northern Isles of Scotland from 2500-1800 BC. The period under study represents a key moment in British prehistory with the introduction of metallurgy and wide-ranging changes in society. Since the inception of early Bronze Age studies pottery has played an important role in examinations of identity and chronology. As identified by several scholars there has been a recurrent emphasis on a select number of interpretive themes and regions such as Wessex and Aberdeenshire. This has marginalised certain areas creating an imbalance in our understanding of the tempo and dynamics of change during the period. Recent reviews have begun to address this issue, highlighting the importance of regional studies to our overall understanding of change in the later 3rd millennium. At present, there is no synthesis of ceramic material from the Highlands and Northern Isles that considers the diverse array of pot types and the contexts in which they are found. In response, this thesis aims to characterise the range of ceramic types, their contexts and associations. Through the course of this thesis a series of detailed regional datasets and interpretations are constructed. This is coupled with a review of the longer-term ceramic sequence across the study area, situating the advent of novel pot types within the existing ceramic repertoire. Secondly, this thesis examines the dynamics of ceramic similarity and difference, and what this reveals about regional preferences and identities alongside broader intra and supra regional networks. Drawing on recent relational approaches this thesis explores how ceramic categories came into being, persisted and dissipated at a range of scales. These approaches highlight the fluid nature of change and the need to consider pots as elements of wider assemblages. Through this examination it is possible to detect distinct trends in regional ceramics, allowing for the construction of narratives that extend beyond defining visual similarities, contributing towards understanding the wider significance of similarity and difference.

Prediction of chip-breaking in machining is an important task for automated manufacturing. There are chip-breaking limits in maching chip-breaking processes, which determine the chip-breaking range. This paper presents a study of chip-breaking limits with grooved cutting tools, and a web-based machining chip-breaking prediction system. Based on the chip-breaking curve, the critical feed rate is modeled through an analysis of up-curl chip formation, and the critical depth of cut is formulated through a discussion of side-curl dominant chip-formation processes. Factors affecting chip-breaking limits are also discussed. In order to predict chip-breaking limits, semi-empirical models are established. Although the coefficients that occur in the model are estimated through machining tests, the models are applicable to a broad range of machining conditions. The model parameters include machining conditions, tool geometry, and workpiece material properties. A new web-based machining chip-breaking prediction system is introduced with examples of industrial applications.

In the current study, the four most common Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) cross-correlation algorithms were evaluated by measuring the displacement of particles in computer generated images. The synthetic images were employed to compare the methods since the particle diameter, density, and intensity could be controlled, removing some of the uncertainty found in images collected during experiments, e. g. parallax, 3-D motion, etc. The most important parameter that was controlled in the synthetic images was the particle motion. Six different displacement functions were applied to move the particles between images: uniform translation, step, sawtooth, sinusoid, line source and line vortex. The four algorithms, which all use the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to perform the cross-correlation, were evaluated with four criteria; (1) spatial resolution, (2) dynamic range, (3) accuracy and (4) robustness. The uniform translation images determined the least error possible with each method, of which the deformed FFT proved to be the most accurate. The super resolution FFT and deformed FFT methods could not properly measure the infinite displacement gradient in the step images due to the interpolation of the displacement vector field used by each method around the step. However, the predictor corrector FFT scheme, which does not require interpolation when determining the interrogation area offset, successfully measured the infinite displacement gradient in the step images. The smaller interrogation areas used by the super resolution FFT scheme proved to be the best method to capture the high frequency finite displacement gradients in the sawtooth and sinusoid images. Also shown in the sawtooth and sinusoid images is the positional bias error introduced by assuming the measured particle displacement occurs at the centre of the interrogation area. The deformed FFT method produced the most accurate results for the source and vortex images, which both contained displacement gradients in multiple directions. Experimentally obtained images were also evaluated to verify the results derived using the synthetic images. The flow in a multiple grooved channel, using both water and air as the fluid medium in separate experiments, was measured and compared to DNS simulations reported by Yang. The mean velocity, average vorticity and turbulent fluctuations determined from both experiments using the deformed FFT method compared very well to the DNS calculations.

In the current study, the four most common Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) cross-correlation algorithms were evaluated by measuring the displacement of particles in computer generated images. The synthetic images were employed to compare the methods since the particle diameter, density, and intensity could be controlled, removing some of the uncertainty found in images collected during experiments, e. g. parallax, 3-D motion, etc. The most important parameter that was controlled in the synthetic images was the particle motion. Six different displacement functions were applied to move the particles between images: uniform translation, step, sawtooth, sinusoid, line source and line vortex. The four algorithms, which all use the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to perform the cross-correlation, were evaluated with four criteria; (1) spatial resolution, (2) dynamic range, (3) accuracy and (4) robustness. The uniform translation images determined the least error possible with each method, of which the deformed FFT proved to be the most accurate. The super resolution FFT and deformed FFT methods could not properly measure the infinite displacement gradient in the step images due to the interpolation of the displacement vector field used by each method around the step. However, the predictor corrector FFT scheme, which does not require interpolation when determining the interrogation area offset, successfully measured the infinite displacement gradient in the step images. The smaller interrogation areas used by the super resolution FFT scheme proved to be the best method to capture the high frequency finite displacement gradients in the sawtooth and sinusoid images. Also shown in the sawtooth and sinusoid images is the positional bias error introduced by assuming the measured particle displacement occurs at the centre of the interrogation area. The deformed FFT method produced the most accurate results for the source and vortex images, which both contained displacement gradients in multiple directions. Experimentally obtained images were also evaluated to verify the results derived using the synthetic images. The flow in a multiple grooved channel, using both water and air as the fluid medium in separate experiments, was measured and compared to DNS simulations reported by Yang. The mean velocity, average vorticity and turbulent fluctuations determined from both experiments using the deformed FFT method compared very well to the DNS calculations.

The effects of coupling parameters of active-passive and passive-passive coupling components on the coupling efficiency and signal mixed proportion for polymer optical fiber (POF) communication are investigated. A high sensitivity and easy fabricated POF displacement sensor is proposed by using cycling bending POF. Also, light sources for both Laser diode (LD) and light emitting diode (LED) are employed in this study. Experimental approaches and numerical analysis of rays tracing method and finite element method are performed to investigate the effects of coupling scheme and bent deformation on the optical power attenuation. Experimental results also illustrate the feasibility of using numerical analysis in coupling components and POF displacement sensor design. The effect of V-grooved array¡¦s POF on the coupling efficiency and signal mixed proportion are presented in active-passive components. The results indicate that the effect of the V-groove¡¦s shape and size on the coupling efficiency is very significant for all designed parameters of V-grooved array¡¦s POF. Compared with the parallel V-grooved array, the skew V-grooved array reduces the length of the coupling component and increases the output power between light source and POF. In the Y-branch POF coupler for passive-passive components, both the excess loss and the output power ratio of the Y-branch couplers are very sensitive to the couple angle, the coupling distance and the refractive index of the filling medium between the emitting-end and receiving-end of fibers. The results also show that the proposed model can be used to analyze the coupling efficiencies in the asymmetrical Y-branch or axial symmetrical couplers with acceptable accuracy. In the POF displacement sensor using by cycling bending loss, the results show that the effect of roller¡¦s number, interval and wavelength on light power attenuation is very significant. Based on the experimental data, a linear equation is derived to estimate the relationship between the power loss and the relative displacement. The difference between the estimated results and the experimental results is less than 8%.

In this study, forced convection cooling of package of 2-D parallel boards with heat generating chips is investigated. The main objective of this study is to determine the optimal board-to-board spacing to maintain the temperature of the components below the allowable temperature limit and maximize the rate of heat transfer from parallel heat generating boards cooled by forced convection under constant pressure drop across the package. Constant heat flux and constant wall temperature boundary conditions on the chips are applied for laminar and turbulent flows. Finite elements method is used to solve the governing continuity, momentum and energy equations. Ansys-Flotran computational fluid dynamics solver is utilized to obtain the numerical results. The solution approach and results are compared with the experimental, numerical and theoretical results in the literature. The results are presented for both the laminar and turbulent flows. Laminar flow results improve existing relations in the literature. It introduces the effect of chip spacing on the optimum board spacing and corresponding maximum heat transfer. Turbulent flow results are original in the sense that a complete solution of turbulent flow through the boards with discrete heat sources with constant temperature and constant heat flux boundary conditions are obtained for the first time. Moreover, optimization of board-to-board spacing and maximum heat transfer rate is introduced, including the effects of chip spacing.

Yes / In the context of unanswered questions about the nature and development of the Late Neolithic in Orkney, we present a summary of research up to 2015 on the major site at the Ness of Brodgar, Mainland Orkney, concentrating on the impressive buildings. Finding sufficient samples for radiocarbon dating was a considerable challenge. There are indications from both features and finds of activity predating the main set of buildings exposed so far by excavation. Forty-six dates on 39 samples are presented and are interpreted in a formal chronological framework. Two models are presented, reflecting different possible readings of the sequence. Both indicate that piered architecture was in use by the thirtieth century cal BC and that the massive Structure 10, not the first building in the sequence, was also in existence by the thirtieth century cal BC. Activity associated with piered architecture came to an end (in Model 2) around 2800 cal BC. Midden and rubble infill followed. After an appreciable interval, the hearth at the centre of Structure 10 was last used around 2500 cal BC, perhaps the only activity in an otherwise abandoned site. The remains of some 400 or more cattle were deposited over the ruins of Structure 10: in Model 2, in the mid-twenty-fifth century cal BC, but in Model 1 in the late twenty-fourth or twenty-third century cal BC. The chronologies invite comparison with the near-neighbour of Barnhouse, in use from the later thirty-second to the earlier twenty-ninth century cal BC, and the Stones of Stenness, probably erected by the thirtieth century cal BC. The Ness, including Structure 10, appears to have outlasted Barnhouse, but probably did not endure as long in its primary form as previously envisaged. The decay and decommissioning of the Ness may have coincided with the further development of the sacred landscape around it; but precise chronologies for other sites in the surrounding landscape are urgently required. The spectacular feasting remains of several hundred cattle deposited above Structure 10 may belong to a radically changing world, coinciding (in Model 2) with the appearance of Beakers nationally, but it was arguably the by now mythic status of that building which drew people back to it. / We are very grateful to many institutions and individuals, in particular: Ness of Brodgar Trust, Foundation for World Health, Orkney Islands Council, University of the Highlands and Islands, Orkney Archaeology Society, American Friends of the Ness of Brodgar, Northlink, Talisman- Sinopec, Hiscox Insurance, Historic Environment Scotland, and numerous other supporters and volunteers; Mark Edmonds, Ann MacSween, Colin Richards, and Alison Sheridan for encouragement, advice, and critical comments on an earlier draft of this article; three anonymous referees for their comments; and Kirsty Harding for help with the figures. Dating and modelling have been supported by a European Research Council Advanced Investigator Grant (295412), The Times of Their Lives (www.totl.eu), led by Alasdair Whittle and Alex Bayliss.

Brown impasto is a fine, commonly burnished ceramic ware in use during the Orientalizing period in South Etruria. In previous scholarship, it has only been described, and understood mainly from funerary contexts. This thesis sets out to unravel the performance and use of the ware, targeting a local understanding at San Giovenale, the settlement whose published brown impasto assemblage is arguably the largest. A statistical approach is applied within a framework of behavioural archaeology in order to understand why brown impasto technology and use changed over time and between use contexts. To elucidate patterns of change clearly, the analysis is carried out on three different scales: from side-wide, to context-specific, to artefact-specific levels. The results expose the complexity of the published material but open up brown impasto to new interpretations. Aware of the caveats of San Giovenale’s recorded archaeology, the thesis suggests ways forward to test the validity of the new findings made. / Brun impasto är ett keramiskt fingods som användes under Södra Etruriens Orientaliserande period. Godset har enbart beskrivits i tidigare forskning, dessutom endast i gravsammanhang. Den här uppsatsen reder ut dess materialegenskaper och användningsområden i boplatskontexten av San Giovenale, vars utgrävda mängd brun impasto bör ses vara större än andra undersökta Etruskiska boplatser. En statistisk analys inom ramarna av Michael Schiffers beteendearkeologi har tillämpats för att närma sig en förståelse om varför brun impasto-teknologi och dess användning förändrades med tiden och emellan de utrymmen godset användes i. För att tydligt påvisa förändringsmönster har analysen delats in i tre olika steg: ett allmänt, ett kontextspecifikt, och inom det senare, ett föremålsspecifikt. Resultaten belyser problematiken med det undersökta materialet men öppnar brun impasto för nya tolkningar. Med den stundtals bristfälliga dokumentationen av San Giovenale-materialet i åtanke, föreslår uppsatsen framtida forskningsriktningar att validera de gjorda upptäckterna med.