No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Research in hominoid cranial ontogeny has provided significant insight into the similarities and differences between apes and humans. Additionally, questions about within-species variability, allometry, and levels of sexual dimorphism in fossil hominoids are commonly addressed using the extant great apes as a comparative framework. However, this model is incomplete without the addition of the lesser apes, gibbons and siamangs. This analysis completes the hominoid record of cranial ontogeny with the addition of the Hylobatidae, and provides a full description of their cranial ontogeny and adult variation. Three-dimensional coordinates of 145 landmarks and 313 semilandmarks were measured on CT and surface scans from an ontogenetic sample of hominoid crania, comprising Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates, and Symphalangus, with a cercopithecoid out-group, Colobus. After Procrustes superimposition, principal component analyses were computed in shape space. Regressions of shape coordinates on centroid size were used to assess within-group ontogenetic and static allometric trajectories. Results indicate that the shape changes during ontogeny in gibbons are similar to the shape changes previously reported for great apes. Genus-specific differences are already observable early in ontogeny, and the subsequent ontogenetic trajectories are almost parallel. Sexual dimorphism for both shape and size is found in Symphalangus adults, which was previously unobserved. Analysis of all taxa in the sample shows nearly parallel ontogenetic trajectories within the Hominoidea, which is consistent with previous studies. With the addition of hylobatids and Colobus, this analysis demonstrates that cranial ontogeny is highly conserved in the Catarrhini. Given the existence of this basic catarrhine growth trajectory, it should be possible in the future to predict fossil taxa morphologies at any stage of growth.

Research in hominoid cranial ontogeny has provided significant insight into the similarities and differences between apes and humans. Additionally, questions about within-species variability, allometry, and levels of sexual dimorphism in fossil hominoids are commonly addressed using the extant great apes as a comparative framework. However, this model is incomplete without the addition of the lesser apes, gibbons and siamangs. This analysis completes the hominoid record of cranial ontogeny with the addition of the Hylobatidae, and provides a full description of their cranial ontogeny and adult variation. Three-dimensional coordinates of 145 landmarks and 313 semilandmarks were measured on CT and surface scans from an ontogenetic sample of hominoid crania, comprising Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates, and Symphalangus, with a cercopithecoid out-group, Colobus. After Procrustes superimposition, principal component analyses were computed in shape space. Regressions of shape coordinates on centroid size were used to assess within-group ontogenetic and static allometric trajectories. Results indicate that the shape changes during ontogeny in gibbons are similar to the shape changes previously reported for great apes. Genus-specific differences are already observable early in ontogeny, and the subsequent ontogenetic trajectories are almost parallel. Sexual dimorphism for both shape and size is found in Symphalangus adults, which was previously unobserved. Analysis of all taxa in the sample shows nearly parallel ontogenetic trajectories within the Hominoidea, which is consistent with previous studies. With the addition of hylobatids and Colobus, this analysis demonstrates that cranial ontogeny is highly conserved in the Catarrhini. Given the existence of this basic catarrhine growth trajectory, it should be possible in the future to predict fossil taxa morphologies at any stage of growth.

No description available.

Orchard profitability and sustainability are largely dependent on the proportion of crop that can be marketed as first quality (pack-out). While pack-out is directly related to average fruit quality, the visual components of quality, i.e. colour, size and skin finish, predominantly determine whether a premium price is achieved. Fruit quality is the result of a complex interaction of management and environmental factors. By understanding the impact of environment, culture, harvesting, handling and storage on fruit quality, growers should be able to improve both average quality in their crop as well as improving the proportion of fruit in the highest quality grade. Whilst management practices such as pruning, shading, and crop regulation methods have been widely studied as individual or isolated issues, the role of each in commercial orchard systems is less well understood. From the literature, it was concluded that available information was conflicting in relation to the impact of practices such as pruning and chemical thinning on fruit quality, while the impact of crop load on fruit quality was often confounded by the effect of chemicals used to manage crop load. The impact of time and level of pruning, protection of fruit from direct sunlight, and crop regulation was studied in a series of field experiments in orchards managed to local commercial standards. An examination of level and time of fruit thinning on a range of cultivars is included along with an assessment of two new generation blossom thinners (desiccants). As these desiccants frequently cause varying degrees of foliar damage, the impact of various levels of simulated foliar damage on both crop load and fruit quality was assessed. The blossom desiccant ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) showed positive effects on fruit quality with an increase in both fruit firmness and sugar content. Potassium thiosulphate showed similar promise to ATS in terms of both fruit quality and as a method of managing crop load. Low levels of foliar damage during the flowering period had little effect on fruit quality but, where 75% or more of the leaf surface was lost, fruit quality was affected and fruit set was reduced. This study confirmed that loss of leaf area affects fruit quality but it also showed differences between the two cultivars studied. It has been demonstrated by this study that both the degree and timing of pruning can affect crop load, fruit size, and fruit quality. Pruning during the dormant winter period resulted in better fruit quality than when pruning was delayed until after fruit set. Summer pruning adversely affected fruit size, sugar content and fruit skin finish. Both crop load and fruit size were reduced by overall shading of trees during early fruit development. Covering individual fruit with commercial paper ‘apple bags’ improved fruit skin finish with the effectiveness related to time of application. The earlier in the season fruit is covered, the more likely that fruit skin damage will be prevented. Early thinning had a positive effect on fruit quality, resulting in larger, firmer fruit with higher sugar levels. Evidence also showed that early thinning caused fruit to mature earlier than later thinning. In addition, positive relationships were demonstrated between fruit sugar content and weight, between fruit firmness and weight, and between fruit sugar content and fruit firmness. These relationships have not been reported previously and demonstrate that early thinning is a valuable tool in improving fruit quality. Overall results were consistent with the established view that major aspects of fruit quality are determined in the first few weeks of development when cell division is dependent on carbohydrates derived from storage or limited current photosynthate. This study has demonstrated that by increasing awareness of the impact of orchard management practices on fruit quality and making appropriate adjustments, the base level of fruit pack-out can be increased with minimal or no additional cost to growers.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.