[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo examinar a incidência da culpa no quadro específico da neurose obsessiva. Para tanto, é empreendido um percurso através dos principais artigos de Freud a respeito da neurose obsessiva e, também, do supereu, já que partimos da hipótese freudiana de que o sentimento de culpa decorre de uma tensão entre o supereu e o eu. O tom especialmente cruel que o supereu assume na neurose obsessiva é examinado, assim como os mecanismos de defesa e a formação dos sintomas obsessivos. Finalmente, são feitas algumas considerações a respeito do caso clínico de Freud conhecido como o Homem dos ratos, onde podemos encontrar ilustrações preciosas dos principais mecanismos e características atuantes na neurose obsessiva. / [en] This dissertation aims to examine the guilt question within the specific aspect of the obsessional neurosis. For that, we make a journey through Freud s main essays related to obsessional neurosis and, also, the ones regarding the superego; since we begin from the Freudian s hypothesis that the guilt feeling is a result of the tension between the superego and the ego. The particularly cruel tone that the superego assumes in the obsessional neurosis is examined. The defense mechanisms and the formation of the obsessive symptoms are also discussed. Ultimately, we make some considerations regarding Freud s clinical case known as The Rat Man, where we can find precious illustrations of the main mechanisms and characteristics that act in the obsessional neurosis.

The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the interrelationships among guilt, certain indices of self-concept, and other variables of personality adjustment as they are reflected by graduate students in three academic disciplines.

Main focus of this thesis is guilt and forgiveness, based on the analysis of the texts of Karl Jaspers (The Question of German Guilt), Anthony J. Steinbock (Moral Emotions: Reclaiming the Evidence of the Heart) and Vladimir Jankélévitch (Forgiveness). The above mentioned topics are followed by analysis of resentment which is closely related to both of these topics. The first part of the thesis is focused on the classification of the guilt, presented by Karl Jaspers, ie. The particular types of guilt are discussed here: the criminal, the political, the moral and the mathaphysical guilt. Following topic is focusing on the collective guilt and related questions. Jaspers' classification of guilt is folowed by Steinbock's analysis of the experence of guilt. Steinbock, in difference form Jaspers, focuses manily on the fundamental features of guilt that is considered as an experience. That presents a good addition to to Jaspers' concept of guilt which does not concern at these questions, or does so only partly. In the next part the topic of repentance, as elaborated by Steinbock, is presented. The repentance is a possible consequence of guilt, has some features in common with guilt, and is condition of possibile forgiveness. The final part of the thesis combines conceptions of both authors aiming not only...

This thesis comprises three main sections: a literature review, research report and a critical appraisal of the research process. The literature reviewed is the current scientific literature relating to shame and guilt. The review attempts to clarify the conceptual confusion regarding shame and guilt and in particular attempts to delineate the distinctions between the two constructs whilst acknowleding the intricate and entwined relationship. The review also attempts to clarify the confusion regarding the role of guilt and its capacity to elicit both adaptive and maladaptive responses according to the way in which it is operationalised and conceptualised. The importance of the relationship between shame, guilt and mental health problems is presented with supporting empirical evidence. It is concluded that a new shame and guilt measure is required to show how shame and the maladaptive and adaptive aspects of guilt can be operationalised. It is hoped that this will enable future researchers to consider incorporating a profile approach to guilt in particular and that clinicians will consider the multiple and complex roles of shame and guilt in relation to psychological symptoms. The research report (Section 2) comprises two studies. Study 1 is the design, development and piloting of the new questionnaire assessing dispositional shame and guilt. The new measure is constructed and validity tested using an inductive approach. Study 2 is the use of the new measure with a forensic clinical sample and the relationship between guilt, shame and psychological symptoms is examined. It is hoped that this study will encourage researchers to locate future investigations within the clinical population. The final section is the researcher's critical appraisal of the research process based on her personal diary. This section is reflective and considers the impact of the research process on the researcher, the highs and lows of the research process and what changes the researcher might make.

Yes / A systematic review of the literature of guilt in consumer behavior revealed a lack of diversity in respect of various factors that affect the elicitation of guilt-induced behavior. These factors are the cause of guilt (self, society, others/action, inaction); the form in which guilt manifests (anticipatory, reactive, existential); and moderators (culture, demographics, narratives). Implicitly, the review illustrated that researchers exhibit a tendency towards assessing reactive guilt caused by the self in individualistic cultures. Such findings cannot be generalized to encompass other forms of guilt that had alternate causes, nor be applied in collectivist cultures. Such considerations are imperative, due to guilt’s inherent complexity. Therefore, this review provides a guide for future research based on these factors, and introduces e-guilt, as sufficient evidence suggests that online settings present incomparable circumstances where one’s behavior is visible and irretrievable.

This thesis explores the role of guilt in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and ways of coping with guilt-related thoughts in a clinical sample. The thesis is presented as three papers that include a review of the literature, an empirical research study and critical appraisal of the research process. In the first paper, the author provides a systematic review of 27 studies to determine whether an association exists between guilt and symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Guilt remains an associated feature of PTSD; however, how these two constructs might be linked is not fully understood. Therefore the current review further evaluated the evidence for four competing models conceptualising the guilt-PTSD relationship. Overall, trauma-related guilt was positively related to PTSD symptomology even when controlling for depression. Guilt cognitions reflecting self-blame, perceived responsibility and wrongdoing were frequently associated with PTSD symptoms. Few studies found guilt was no longer related to PTSD symptomology when controlling for shame. Future studies ought to control for overlapping or confounding variables and further explore factors that may mediate the guilt-PTSD relationship such as coping. The second paper provided preliminary validation of a newly developed and unique measure of coping with guilty thoughts (GLAMS) in a clinical sample. A total of 67 participants from primary care services completed the GLAMS and measures of distress, guilt, coping and thought control. Eighteen completed the GLAMS and distress measure two weeks later. Overall the GLAMS evidenced moderate to high internal consistency and acceptable to good concurrent validity. Maladaptive subscales were found to be reliable over time. Higher self-punishment was related to greater guilt and distress and more mindful coping was related to a reduction in guilt supporting construct validity. Future research is required to test the stability of the GLAMS factor structure in a larger clinical sample. The GLAMS may have clinical utility in guiding psychological intervention towards more adaptive ways of coping with guilt. It may also provide a suitable outcome measure by monitoring the frequency in which clients engage in maladaptive ways of coping. The final paper provided a critical evaluation and reflection on the research process. Particular reference was made to the research rationale, methodological and ethical issues and considerations were given for future research and clinical practice. Conclusions drawn from this thesis are limited largely by the cross-sectional nature of most of the studies reviewed in paper 1 and insufficient numbers for the empirical study, which due to methodological and service-related constraints, limited further exploration of the data. Factor analysis and subsequent validation of the GLAMS in a larger sample is required to further support inferences drawn.

Law, Ka Lai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-86). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.2 / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.3 / Dedication --- p.4 / Acknowledgements --- p.5 / Table of Contents --- p.6 / List of Tables --- p.8 / List of Figures --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 1.0 --- Overview --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of This Thesis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of The Thesis --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review & Model Development --- p.14 / Chapter 2.0 --- Overview --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Literature Review on Licensing Effect --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Components of Licensing Effect --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Licensing Effect and Its Mediator --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Rejection of Alternative Explanations --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Literature Review on Guilt-Reduction Mechanism --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Guilt --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Guilt-Reduction Mechanisms --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conceptual Model and Hypotheses --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Conceptual Model --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Hypotheses --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methodology --- p.28 / Chapter 3.0 --- Overview --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Design --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Pretest --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Relative Luxury Items --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Scenario Development --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Questionnaire Development --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Procedures --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Main Study --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Participants --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Design --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Materials --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Scenarios --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Manipulation Checks --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- "Dependent, Mediator and Other Measures" --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Procedures --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results And Discussion --- p.43 / Chapter 4.0 --- Overview --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1 --- Manipulation Checks --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Reliability and Validity of Scales --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Reliability Analysis --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Construct Validity --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Hypothesis Testing --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- MANOVA --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- MANOVA by Path Analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussions --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.58 / Chapter 5.0 --- Overview --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1 --- Contributions --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Theoretical Contribution --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Managerial Contribution --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3 --- Future Research Directions --- p.61 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.62 / Appendix --- p.63 / References --- p.82

Aim. The aim of the present research was to investigate the relationship of personality guilt- and shame-proneness to grief and psychological dysphoria following bereavement due to stillbirth or death in the newborn period. Methods. Participating parents completed self-report questionnaire measures of proneness to situational guilt and shame (Test of Self-Conscious Affect-2), chronic guilt and shame (Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2) and interpersonal guilt (Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire-67), grief (Perinatal Grief Scale-33) and psychological dysphoria (General Health Questionnaire-28) one month (�early�, N = 158) and 13 months (�late�, N = 149) after a perinatal death. Results. Women compared with men self-reported more intense grief, anxiety and depression one month after the death, but there were no significant sex differences in grief or psychological dysphoria one year later. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that composite shame (situational and chronic) explained a small but statistically significant proportion of the variance in early total grief (adjusted R 2 = .09) and anxiety (adjusted R 2 = .07) in women, and early total grief (adjusted R 2 = .19), anxiety (adjusted R 2 = .13) and depression (adjusted R 2 = .10) in men. Composite guilt (situational, chronic and interpersonal) controlled for shame did not make a significant further contribution to the variance in early total grief, anxiety or depression in either sex. Composite shame explained not only significant but meaningful proportions of the variance in late grief (adjusted R2=.27), anxiety (adjusted R2=.21) and depression (adjusted R2=.27) in women, and late grief (adjusted R2= .56),anxiety (adjusted R 2= .30) and depression (adjusted R2= .51) in men. Composite guilt controlled for shame made significant further contributions to the variancein late grief (∆R 2 = .21), anxiety (∆R 2 = .16) and depression (∆R 2 = .25) in women, and late grief (∆R 2 = .11) in men. Shame and guilt together explained a substantial proportion of the variance in late grief (adjusted R2= .45), anxiety (adjusted R2= .33) and depression (adjusted R2= .49) in women, and late grief (adjusted R2= .64), anxiety (adjusted R2= .35) and depression (adjusted R2= .56) in men. Situational shame, chronic guilt and survivor guilt made positive unique contributions to the variance in late grief in women. Chronic shame and survivor guilt made unique contributions to the variance in late grief in men. Situational guilt made a significant unique negatively valenced contribution to the variance in late grief in women. Early composite shame, but not guilt, predicted late grief, anxiety and depression in men. Early composite shame and/or guilt did not predict late grief, anxiety or depression in women. Conclusion. Personality proneness to shame was more relevant to late grief, anxiety and depression in men than in women, but survivor guilt was equally important to late grief in both sexes. Chronic guilt and functional situational guilt were pertinent to late grief, anxiety and depression in women, but not in men. Personality shame- and guilt-proneness have important relationships with parental grief after perinatal death that have not hitherto been recognised.

Bereavement is one of the most painful experiences in one’s life, and guilt is one of the various emotions associated with it. Guilt is widely reported by bereaved people, but it is not yet sufficiently understood by researchers. There is a lack of convergence in conceptualizing guilt, and no valid measurement exists to assess this important construct in grief. Meanwhile, this emotion is particularly significant in Chinese adult given the cultural value of filial piety. Therefore, this thesis aims to fill this gap and enhance understanding of the nature and consequences of bereavement guilt in Chinese adult children. This sequential mixed method research comprises three parts. To better define and conceptualize bereavement guilt, 16 bereaved adult children were interviewed in the first study about their subjective experience of guilt. Their narratives illustrated the content and feelings of bereavement guilt. It suggested that guilt was based on various evaluations of their behaviors, which failed to meet their inner standards or expectations. It also revealed that they felt guilt for contributing to the death, for hurting the deceased, and for not paying enough back to the parent. Those thoughts were evidently accompanied by distressful feelings. In study two, the Bereavement Guilt Scale (BGS) was developed based on findings in study one. It was then validated with survey data collected from 873 bereaved adult children. The scale comprises five factors: (1) responsibility towards the death, (2) hurting the deceased, (3) survivor guilt, (4) indebtedness guilt and (5) guilt feelings. It was proved to have good dimensionality and construct validity, satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Study three aimed to build the model for bereavement guilt, exploring its prevalence, predictors and relationship with complicated grief. The same data set in study two was analyzed and the results revealed various occurrence rates for different subtypes of bereavement guilt. The most common type is indebtedness guilt (81%), followed by guilt feelings (70%), responsibility for the death (37%), survivor guilt (27%) and guilt about hurting the deceased (23%). It was also revealed that guilt is more commonly experienced by people bereaved from unnatural death than natural death. Investigating a group of demographic and death-related variables simultaneously, this study found that different types of guilt have distinct predictors, but that three risk factors predicted most of them. These are the adult children being of a younger age, losing a mother, and low psychological preparation for the death. Finally, a strong association between guilt and complicated grief was established by the data. The relationship between complicated grief and guilt was stronger than with demographic variables, death-related variables, depression and anxiety. Such association remains significant even when controlling for these variables. This thesis proposes a multidimensional conceptualization of bereavement guilt and has developed a valid measurement tool. It builds a preliminary model of risk factors, bereavement guilt and health outcomes in bereavement. The implications and limitations are also discussed. / published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

<p>After the committing of an error or transgression, some people are prone to experience shame (they feel badly about themselves) and some are prone to experience guilt (they tend to feel badly about their action or inaction). Although a sizable number of researchers have examined how shame and guilt relate to distress or health, the field knows very little about whether persons are more prone to shame or whether shame is more strongly associated with distress when the error is particularly relevant to the offender's sense of self. The current research aims to address this significant gap in the literature.</p><p>One domain in which people's self-view and sense of worth is often heightened is their work or vocation. Clergy have been shown to collapse who they are with what they do or are called to do in their role as pastor. Therefore, a measure that uses failures that clergy may experience in their role was created to examine how this domain specific shame and guilt relate to general shame and guilt, positive and negative affect, and clergy burnout.</p><p>Student pastors generated items for the new scale of domain specific shame and guilt. Seminary students completed questionnaires online and were asked to complete the new measure again one month later to establish test-retest reliability. Factor analyses were run to examine the structure of the shame and guilt scales. A secondary factor analysis found that the four guilt factors all loaded onto one second-order factor and the three shame factors all loaded onto another second-order factor. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability were strong. Construct validity was established. Next, United Methodist clergy completed measure by pen and paper or online. </p><p>Overall the data demonstrate that higher shame, both in ministry situations and in secular situations, was significantly associated with higher negative affect among seminarians and less satisfaction and more emotional exhaustion in ministry among clergy. Contrary to expectations, seminarians and clergy were not more prone to ministry shame nor was ministry shame more strongly associated with clergy burnout than was general proneness to shame.</p> / Dissertation