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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Ab initio calculation of H interactions with defects in fcc metals : crack tip dislocations and vacancies

Wang, Yu 05 December 2014 (has links) (PDF)
In many technological applications of structured metallic alloys, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a major concern as it can penetrate in most metals, degrade their properties and lead to premature failures. Despite numerous efforts in the past decades during which many microscopic mechanisms were proposed, a clear understanding of H embrittlement mechanisms has not been achieved yet. Since HE processes occur on an atomic-scale, the exact mechanisms leading to HE are not easily identified experimentally. One possible improvement would be to use atomic-scale simulations to try to capture details of deformation and fracture processes at the atomic level, enabling the investigation of relevant microscopic mechanism. In such context, the goal of this PhD work is to understand and quantify H interactions with defects like vacancies, dislocations and cracks in fcc metals through multi-scale modeling. The study is organized in four main parts. In the first part, we employed first principle calculations (based on density functional theory) to describe H interaction with a vacancy in Nickel. More specifically, the segregation energies of multiple H atoms in a single and di-vacancies were computed. Two characteristic energies were found which clarify the experimental peaks observed in Thermal Desorption Spectra in the literature. The equilibrium concentrations of H-vacancy clusters was then evaluated, under conditions relevant to HE and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ni based alloys (nuclear industry),by Monte Carlo simulations and a thermodynamic model developed from our DFT data. In the second part, we quantified the trapping effect of vacancies on H diffusion in Nickel. With DFT computed jump barriers, related to H trapping and detrapping in vacancies, we employed accelerated Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to evaluate the H diffusion coefficient as a function of vacancy concentration and temperature. In the third part, we studied the diffusion of H-vacancy clusters in Ni, based on the combination of DFT and a statistical method. DFT calculations of vacancy jump barriers were performed for clusters containing from one to six H inside the vacancy. With these computed barriers and previous calculated concentrations of H-vacancy clusters, a simple stochastic model similar to the KMC procedure was developed to estimate the diffusion coefficient of H-vacancy clusters as a function of H concentration and temperature. In the last part, we studied the interaction of hydrogen with a blunted crack tip in Aluminum by combined EAM (semi-empirical interatomic potential) and DFT calculations. Embedded atom method (EAM) potential simulations were performed to evaluate the H effect on dislocation emission from a blunted crack tip under mixed mode loading. This phenomenon can be understood by the H induced change of the unstable stacking fault energy (γus ) in Rice’s model. Therefore, DFT and EAM calculations of γus were performed including the effects of H and of the mixed mode loads. It is shown that the effect of the load perpendicular to the glide plane is very strong, contrary to the effect of sub-surface H, which is negligible
2

Ab initio calculation of H interactions with defects in fcc metals : crack tip dislocations and vacancies / Etude ab intio des interactions hydrogènes-défauts dans les métaux cfc : cas des lacunes et des dislocations en pointe de fissure

Wang, Yu 05 December 2014 (has links)
Dans de nombreuses applications technologiques des alliages métalliques structurés, la fragilisation par l'hydrogène (HE) est une préoccupation majeure car elle peut pénétrer dans la plupart des métaux, dégrader leurs propriétés et conduire à des défaillances prématurées. Malgré de nombreux efforts durant ces dernières décennies, au cours desquelles de nombreux mécanismes microscopiques ont été proposées, une compréhension claire des mécanismes de fragilisation H n'a pas encore été atteint. Depuis qu'il processus se produisent sur une échelle atomique, les mécanismes exacts conduisant à HE ne sont pas facilement identifiés expérimentalement. Une amélioration possible serait d'utiliser des simulations à l'échelle atomique pour essayer de capturer les détails des processus de déformation et de rupture au niveau atomique, permettant l'enquête du mécanisme microscopique pertinente. Dans un tel contexte, l'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de comprendre et de quantifier les interactions H avec des défauts comme postes vacants, les luxations et les fissures dans les métaux cfc par la modélisation multi-échelle. L'étude est organisé en quatre parties principales. Dans la première partie, nous avons utilisé des premiers calculs principe (basée sur la théorie fonctionnelle de la densité) pour décrire H interaction avec une vacance de Nickel. Plus précisément, les énergies de ségrégation de plusieurs atomes d'hydrogène en un seul et di-postes vacants ont été calculés. Deux énergies caractéristiques qui ont été trouvés à clarifier les pics expérimentaux observés chez Spectra désorption thermique dans la littérature. Les concentrations de groupes H-inoccupation équilibre a ensuite été évalué, dans des conditions pertinentes à SE et de corrosion sous contrainte (CSC) des alliages à base de Ni (industrie nucléaire), par des simulations de Monte Carlo et un modèle thermodynamique développé à partir de nos données DFT. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons quantifié l'effet de piégeage de postes vacants sur H diffusion dans Nickel. Avec DFT barrières de saut calculé, liés à H piégeage et dépiégeage dans les postes vacants, nous avons utilisé accéléré Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations pour évaluer le coefficient H de diffusion en fonction de la concentration de vacance et de la température. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons étudié la diffusion des grappes H-vacance de Ni, basée sur la combinaison de DFT et une méthode statistique. Calculs DFT de barrières de saut d'inoccupation ont été effectuées pour les clusters contenant de un à six H à l'intérieur du poste vacant. Avec ces barrières calculés et les concentrations calculées précédentes de grappes H-inoccupation, un modèle simple stochastique similaire à la procédure KMC a été développé pour estimer le coefficient de diffusion de grappes H-inoccupation en fonction de la concentration et de la température M. Dans la dernière partie, nous avons étudié l'interaction de l'hydrogène avec une pointe de fissure émoussée en aluminium par EAM combinée (potentiel interatomique semi-empirique) et calculs DFT. Méthode atome embarqué (EAM) simulations potentiels ont été réalisées pour évaluer l'effet de H sur la dislocation émission d'une pointe de fissure émoussée en mode mixte chargement. Ce phénomène peut être comprise par le changement induit H de l'empilement instable faute de l'énergie (γus) dans le modèle de Rice. Par conséquent, DFT et EAM calculs de γus ont été effectuées, y compris les effets de H et des charges en mode mixte. Il est montré que l'effet de la charge perpendiculaire au plan de glissement est très forte, contrairement à l'effet de la surface sous-H, ce qui est négligeable. / In many technological applications of structured metallic alloys, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a major concern as it can penetrate in most metals, degrade their properties and lead to premature failures. Despite numerous efforts in the past decades during which many microscopic mechanisms were proposed, a clear understanding of H embrittlement mechanisms has not been achieved yet. Since HE processes occur on an atomic-scale, the exact mechanisms leading to HE are not easily identified experimentally. One possible improvement would be to use atomic-scale simulations to try to capture details of deformation and fracture processes at the atomic level, enabling the investigation of relevant microscopic mechanism. In such context, the goal of this PhD work is to understand and quantify H interactions with defects like vacancies, dislocations and cracks in fcc metals through multi-scale modeling. The study is organized in four main parts. In the first part, we employed first principle calculations (based on density functional theory) to describe H interaction with a vacancy in Nickel. More specifically, the segregation energies of multiple H atoms in a single and di-vacancies were computed. Two characteristic energies were found which clarify the experimental peaks observed in Thermal Desorption Spectra in the literature. The equilibrium concentrations of H-vacancy clusters was then evaluated, under conditions relevant to HE and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ni based alloys (nuclear industry),by Monte Carlo simulations and a thermodynamic model developed from our DFT data. In the second part, we quantified the trapping effect of vacancies on H diffusion in Nickel. With DFT computed jump barriers, related to H trapping and detrapping in vacancies, we employed accelerated Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to evaluate the H diffusion coefficient as a function of vacancy concentration and temperature. In the third part, we studied the diffusion of H-vacancy clusters in Ni, based on the combination of DFT and a statistical method. DFT calculations of vacancy jump barriers were performed for clusters containing from one to six H inside the vacancy. With these computed barriers and previous calculated concentrations of H-vacancy clusters, a simple stochastic model similar to the KMC procedure was developed to estimate the diffusion coefficient of H-vacancy clusters as a function of H concentration and temperature. In the last part, we studied the interaction of hydrogen with a blunted crack tip in Aluminum by combined EAM (semi-empirical interatomic potential) and DFT calculations. Embedded atom method (EAM) potential simulations were performed to evaluate the H effect on dislocation emission from a blunted crack tip under mixed mode loading. This phenomenon can be understood by the H induced change of the unstable stacking fault energy (γus ) in Rice’s model. Therefore, DFT and EAM calculations of γus were performed including the effects of H and of the mixed mode loads. It is shown that the effect of the load perpendicular to the glide plane is very strong, contrary to the effect of sub-surface H, which is negligible

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