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Differential activation and inhibition of human platelet shape change, micro- and macroaggregation, in whole blood and platelet-rich plasmaPedvis, Lloyd Gary January 1988 (has links)
No description available.
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Characterization of the CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells in an animal model of spontaneous demyelination in the central nervous systemHung, Hau Yee January 2009 (has links)
CD4+ T cells have been suggested to play an immunoregulatory role in a transgenic mouse model of CD8+ T cell-mediated CNS demyelinating disease. Among the various CD4+ regulatory T cells, we characterized the CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cell subset to investigate its potential involvement in regulating disease development in these mice. Our results indicated that in their peripheral lymphoid organs, this population is expanded. This expansion is unrelated to autoimmunity and is not due to an increased thymic generation. Instead, these cells have undergone polyclonal expansion. Furthermore, they harbor typical Treg phenotypes and are in an activated status, but yet display significantly impaired suppressive activities against CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response in vitro. Therefore, this population may not be the regulatory CD4+ T cell subset that controls disease development in this model, and these results challenge the dogma that Foxp3 expression in mice is always associated with suppressive activities. / Il a été suggéré que les lymphocytes T CD4+ contrôlent le développement d'une maladie de démyélinisation du système nerveux central, causée par des cellules T CD8+ pathogéniques, dans un modèle de souris transgéniques. Parmi les différentes sous-populations de lymphocytes T CD4+ régulatrices, on a caractérisé la sous-population de cellules T CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ dans ce modèle transgénique pour étudier leur rôle potentiel dans la régulation de la maladie. Notre étude démontre que cette population est augmentée dans les organes lymphoïdes de ces souris. Cette augmentation est indépendante de la maladie et elle n'est pas due à une génération augmentée de ces cellules dans le thymus. Par contre, cette population a subi une expansion polyclonale. De plus, elle présente un phénotype typique des Treg, et elle manifeste un état d'activation. Cependant, elle possède un potentiel de suppression des réponses cellulaires T diminué in vitro. Ces données soulèvent le rôle de ces cellules régulatrices in vivo et le dogme que l'expression du Foxp3, dans la souris, est inconditionnellement associée aux activités suppressives.
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Proteomic analysis of serum proteins from malaria patients and identification of hemozoin-binding proteinsKassa, Fikregabrail January 2009 (has links)
Malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide and remains to be a major public health problem in most parts of the world with more than 250 million cases and over one million deaths each year. The malaria parasite, Plasmodium, infects red blood cells (RBCs) and catabolizes hemoglobin which results in the formation of hemozoin. Using proteomic approaches, we compared the serum protein profiles of malaria patients and healthy individuals in order to identify malaria biomarkers. Furthermore, we used the malarial hemozoin to identify hemozoin-binding serum proteins, which can also serve as biomarkers in the malaria context. The comparison of serum protein profiles was achieved using the surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS). Using this approach, we have identified 173 significant peaks (potential biomarkers) from two fractions (fraction 1 and 6) of CM10 and IMAC30 ProteinChips. Additionally, we used the malarial hemozoin to trap serum proteins and analyzed their potential as specific biomarkers. By coating hemozoin with serum proteins from malaria patients and healthy individuals in vitro, followed by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, we have identified 41 hemozoin-binding proteins. Our quantitative and functional analysis on the identified hemozoin-binding proteins using Scaffold and Blast2GO proteomic platforms revealed several malaria biomarkers such as gelsolin, apolipoprotein E, and serum amyloid A. The major function of the identified proteins was binding, which includes protein and lipid binding/transporter activities. The detection of biomarkers and the identification of hemozoin-binding proteins aid in the early detection of malaria and as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. / La malaria est l'une des maladies infectieuses les plus fréquentes dans le monde et demeure un problème de santé publique majeur dans plusieurs régions avec plus de 250 millions de cas et plus de 1 million de décès chaque année. Le parasite de la malaria, le Plasmodium, infecte les globules rouges et catabolyse l'hémoglobine ce qui résulte en la formation d'un pigment appelé hémozoïne. Utilisant une approche protéomique, nous avons comparé le profil protéique de sérums de patients atteints de la malaria avec ceux provenant d'individus sains afin d'identifier des biomarqueurs associés à la malaria. De plus, nous avons utilisé l'hémozoïne de la malaria afin d'identifier des protéines de sérums s'y liant, ces dernières pouvant également servir de biomarqueurs dans un contexte de malaria. La comparaison entre les profils protéiques de sérum a été effectuée par l'utilisation du SELDI-TOF MS (Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry). Au moyen de cette technique, nous avons identifié 173 pics significatifs et potentiels biomarqueurs en utilisant des surface chromatographiques (proteinChips) possédant différentes affinités (CM10 étant échangeuse de cations et IMAC fixant des protéines via un métal) présents dans deux différentes fractions (fraction 1 et 6). Également, nous avons utilisé l'hémozoïne de la malaria afin de capturer des protéines sériques et nous avons étudié leur potentielle utilisation comme biomarqueurs spécifiques. Les protéines sériques provenant de patients atteints de la malaria ou d'individus sains liant des cristaux d'hémozoïne in vitro ont été analysées par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (LC-MS/MS) menant à l'identification de 41 protéines liant l'hémozoïne. Notre étude quantitative et fonctionnelle utilisant les programmes Scaffold et Blast2GO sur les protéin
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Cellular resistance in experimental murine tularemiaAnthony, L. S. D. January 1987 (has links)
A murine model of host resistance to infection with Francisella tularensis, live vaccine strain, has been established. This facultative intracellular bacterium causes in mice an acute infection which lasts for approximately 12 days. Resistance to infection is associated with the appearance in the spleens of cells with the ability to transfer anti-tularemic resistance to naive mice, a response which is maximal 7 days following infection. Depletion of B cells does not compromise the ability of immune cells to transfer resistance. Treatment of mice with immune serum prior to infection leads to an increased hepatic and decreased splenic growth of Francisella. This effect is attributable to a serum-induced shift in the organ uptake of Francisella from the spleen to the liver. Acquired anti-tularemic resistance is critically dependent upon T lymphocytes, as evidenced by the inability of T lymphocyte-depleted immune cells to transfer resistance, and by the increased susceptibility to infection in mice treated with the T cell immunosuppressant, cyclosporin A. The passive transfer of resistance is mediated mainly by T cells bearing the L3T4 marker, but Lyt 2$ sp{+}$ cells may also play a minor role. Macrophages are essential to the control of Francisella infection, since inhibition of the functional activity of this cell population by silica injection leads to a decrease in the ability of mice to contain bacterial growth. The interactions between T cells and macrophages leading to the expression of anti-tularemic immunity are restricted by the product of the I-A region of the H-2 complex. Resistance to tularemia is influenced by the genetic background of the host. Among inbred mouse strains, several levels of resistance to infection are evident. Genetic analysis of resistance/susceptibility to tularemia in F$ sb1$ and F$ sb2$ hybrid mice, and in recombinant inbred strains of mice derived from resistant and susceptible progenitor strains, indicated that the inheritance pat
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Effects of modified CD80 on the co-stimulation of T cellSaba, Nicole January 2003 (has links)
In accordance with the two-signal model, optimal T cell activation can only occur in the presence of a primary antigen specific signal, provided by the T cell receptor, and a second co-stimulatory signal. The most potent co-stimulatory molecules identified to date are the CD28/CTLA-4 receptors with their CD80/CD86 ligands, found on T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) respectively. Many studies have implicated the V-domain of CD80 and CD86 to be responsible for the direct interaction with CD28/CTLA-4. Conversely, few studies have shown that the C-domain CD80 is crucial for the interaction and ultimate suppression of T cell activation and proliferation by binding to CTLA4. The thesis herein identifies amino acids located in the C-domain of CD80 that proves critical for the binding of CTLA-4. This particular mutant, N5-6, exhibits a preferential binding to CTLA-4. We observe 7-fold enhanced binding to CTLA-4 while maintaining its conventional binding to CD28. Functionally, this mutant is still capable of activating T cells via CD28. Interestingly, binding to CD28 is not inhibited by the presence of soluble CTLA-4 as a competitive inhibitor despite its greater affinity. As a DNA vaccine, this mutant, along with other mutants exhibiting differential binding to CD28/CTLA-4, can be used as a means modulate T cell responses. This can provide a therapeutic approach to the treatment of autoimmunity or aid in the eradication of reservoir cells in HIV and HSV infections.
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CEACAMI as a negative regulator of T cell functionsFarrah, Jennifer January 2003 (has links)
CEA-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family that is expressed on activated T lymphocytes. Previous studies have reported both costimulatory and coinhibitory roles for this glycoprotein in T cell activation and effector functions. We have used a Ceacam1-/- mouse model to further explore this paradox. We demonstrate that CEACAM1 is not involved in T cell development or in migration of these lymphocytes to peripheral lymphoid organs. In vitro, CEACAM1 was observed to play an inhibitory role on T lymphocytes as it limits T cell proliferation in response to T cell receptor-specific antibodies and mitogens. In vivo proliferative responses were not affected by the absence of CEACAM1 upon administration of antigen emulsified with adjuvant, yet cytokine secretion revealed that CEACAM1 may be involved in the control of Th1-type responses. A new transgenic model for CEACAM1 overexpression on T lymphocytes was generated and further experimentation will be necessary to confirm the above observations. Hence, CEACAM1 is playing an inhibitory role on T cell surfaces, most likely by intracellular signal transmission through its ITIM motifs.
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Validation of the candidacy of toll-like receptor 5 (Tlr5) as a Salmonella susceptibility geneAngers, Isabelle January 2004 (has links)
The extreme susceptibility to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium of wild-derived MOLF/Ei has been linked to one chromosomal region (Ity3). Toll-like receptor 5 (Tlr5) is located within the Ity3 interval and its candidacy as a Salmonella-susceptibility gene was evaluated in vitro and in vivo by comparing the Tlr5 C57BL/6J and MOLF/Ei alleles (85). In vitro studies using NF-kappaB-dependent reporter genes showed that sequence variants found within the coding region of MOLF/Ei Tlr5 did not affect the response of Tlr5 to flagellin compared to C57BL/6J. MOLF/Ei promoter had a slightly stronger basal activity than the C57BL/6J allele. In vivo study using Ity3 congenic mice showed that mice homozygous for MOLF/Ei allele at Ity3 had a stronger response to flagellin as measured by IL-6 secretion in the serum. Finally, we can conclude that Tlr5 is involved in the disease phenotype underlying Ity3 however, it is not clear if the impact of Tlr5 is primary or secondary.
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Identifying new therapeutic targets for treatment of Crohn's disease: The role of CD47 and L-carnitine in the pathogenesis and treatment of a murine model of intestinal inflammationFortin, Geneviève Rose January 2010 (has links)
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing and remitting immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. While there is currently no cure for this disease, a wide range of treatment options are available. However, these are often associated with a significant set of adverse effects and, despite their use, most CD patients will eventually require hospitalization and/or surgery. The goal of the projects outlined in this thesis was therefore to further our understanding of the mechanisms involved in generating intestinal inflammation and to apply these findings to develop novel therapeutic agents. / We first examined the role of interactions between CD47 and its ligand, signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), in the development of TNBS colitis, a murine model of intestinal inflammation sharing many features with human CD. We have demonstrated that dendritic cells (DC) expressing SIRPα promote Th17 responses and the development of experimental colitis. Furthermore, we identify an important role for CD47 in the migration of SIRPα+ DCs to the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes, where they participate in inducing inflammation. Thus, by genetic deletion of CD47 or by impairing its function using a CD47-fc fusion molecule, we have successfully reduced the severity of intestinal inflammation. / L-carnitine is an amino acid derivative normally present in meat and dairy products and is also available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement. Since mutations in the L-carnitine transporters, OCTN1 and OCTN2, were found to be associated with CD, we sought to examine its role in the development of intestinal inflammation. Remarkably, L-carnitine displayed immunosuppressive properties both in vitro and in vivo, effectively suppressing both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune response and resulting in a significant reduction in the development of intestinal inflammation. / We have thus identified CD47 as an important regulator of SIRPα+ DC trafficking, and demonstrate that this DC subset is implicated in the development of intestinal inflammation. Additionally, we have identified two promising new therapeutic candidates, CD47-fc and L-carnitine, for the treatment of CD. / La maladie de Crohn (MC) est une maladie inflammatoire chronique impliquant un dérèglement du système immunitaire qui touche à l'ensemble du tube digestif, et qui est caractérisé par des périodes cycliques de rechutes et rémissions. Bien qu'il n'existe aucun traitement curatif contre cette maladie, plusieurs remèdes visant à amoindrir les symptômes sont actuellement disponibles sur le marché. Toutefois, ces derniers sont souvent associés à de multiples effets secondaires néfastes, et, malgré leur utilisation, aucun de ces traitements ne parvient à empêcher la grande majorité des patients atteints d'être éventuellement hospitalisés et/ou de subir une intervention chirurgicale. Par conséquent, l'objectif premier des projets détaillés dans cette thèse a été d'approfondir les connaissances des mécanismes biologiques impliqués dans l'initiation de l'inflammation intestinale ainsi que d'appliquer ces découvertes au développement de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques. / Nous avons d'abord évalué le rôle des interactions entre CD47 et son ligand, SIRPα (signal regulatory protein alpha), dans le développement de la colite induite par TNBS, qui est un modèle murin d'inflammation intestinale partageant plusieurs symptômes similaires à ceux rencontrés chez les patients atteints de la MC. Nous avons démontré que les cellules dendritiques (CD) qui expriment SIRPα induisent une réponse immunitaire Th17 ainsi que le développement de la colite expérimentale. De plus, nous avons identifié un rôle important joué par CD47 dans la migration des CD SIRPα+ vers la lamina propria et les ganglions mésentériques, où ces cellules participent à l'induction de l'inflammation. Ainsi, par la délétion génétique du CD47 ou encore par la manipulation de ses fonctions à l'aide d'une molécule de fusion, le CD47-Fc, nous avons réussi à diminuer avec succès l'inflammation intestinale chez la souris. / L-carnitine (LCAR) est un acide aminé dérivé que l'on retrouve normalement dans la viande et les produits laitiers et qui est également disponible en vente libre en tant que supplément nutritionnel. Puisque des mutations dans le transporteur de LCAR, OCTN1 et OCTN2, ont préalablement été associées avec la MC, nous avons décidé d'examiner le rôle de cette molécule dans le développement de l'inflammation intestinale. LCAR a démontré des propriétés immunosuppressives remarquables, tant in vitro qu'in vivo, en supprimant efficacement les mécanismes de défenses innés et adaptatifs de la réponse immunitaire, résultant en une diminution significative du développement de l'inflammation intestinale. / En résumé, nous avons identifié CD47 comme étant un important régulateur de la migration des CD SIRPα+ et avons démontré que cette sous-population de cellules est impliquée dans le développement de l'inflammation intestinale. De plus, ces travaux ont permis d'identifier deux nouveaux candidats thérapeutiques prometteurs, le CD47-Fc et LCAR, pour le traitement contre la MC.
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Phenotypic and functional characteristics of CNS CD8+ T cells mediating a demyelinating diseaseNdiaye, Marie Monique January 2010 (has links)
We reported that transgenic mice constitutively expressing the B7.2 (CD86) T cell costimulatory ligand on microglia spontaneously develop a T cell-mediated demyelinating disease. We have shown that CD8+ T cells are the primary effector T cell-subset that initiates the pathological process. This demyelinating disease appears to be initiated by the activation antigen-specific CD8+ T cells within the central nervous system (CNS) and shows a complete dependence on IFN-gamma receptor signalling. To further understand the pathological process that occurs in this animal model, we characterized the phenotypic and functional status of the CD8+ T cells that accumulate/expand in the CNS. Our data indicate that the CNS CD8+ T cells have unusual phenotypic and functional characteristics resembling effector-memory CD8+ T cells in an activated state. The CD8+ T cells in the CNS have a homogenous phenotype that closely resembles effector-memory CD8+ T cells. They are CD44high, CD62-Llow, CCR7low/neg, CD127high and Ly6Chigh when compared to the spleen of control and Line 31 mice. They also express cell surface markers characteristics of acutely activated cells (CD69, CD25, an isoform of CD43 recognized by the monoclonal antibody 1B11 and NKG2D). However, the CD8+ T cells that accumulate in the CNS of L31 mice differ from typical effector-memory CD8+ T cells by their low level of CD122 expression, the beta chain for the IL-2 and IL-15 receptor. We also show both at the mRNA and protein levels that they are well equipped to kill target cells through various cytotoxic pathways. After short restimulation (4 hours), the majority of the CD8+ T cells produced IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and some cells produced IL-2. On a per cell basis, the production of TNF-alpha was much higher by the CNS than the splenic CD8+ T cells. CNS CD8+ T cells also produced the cytotoxic molecules perforin and granzyme B after short restimulation and were able to kill target cells in a cytotoxic assay. / Nous avions rapporté que les souris transgéniques (Line 31) qui expriment constitutivement le ligand de costimulation des lymphocytes T, B7-2 (CD86), dans les microglies, développent spontanément une maladie de démyelination induite par les lymphocytes T. Nous avions montré que les lymphocytes T CD8+ étaient les principales cellules effectrices dans cette pathologie. Cette maladie de démyelination semble être initiée par l'activation des lymphocytes CD8+ spécifiques pour un antigène présent dans le système nerveux central (SNC) et son développement est strictement dépendant de la signalisation par le récepteur d'IFN-gamma. Afin de mieux comprendre le procédé pathologique observé chez ces animaux, nous avons caractérisé le phénotype et le statut fonctionnel des lymphocytes CD8+ qui s'accumulent dans le SNC. Nos résultats indiquent que les lymphocytes CD8+ du SNC ont des caractéristiques phénotypiques et fonctionnelles inhabituelles semblables aux lymphocytes CD8+ effecteurs/mémoires dans un état activé. Les lymphocytes CD8+ du SNC ont un phénotype homogène similaire aux cellules effectrices/mémoires. Ils sont CD44haut, CD62-Lbas, CCR7bas/neg, CD127haut et Ly6Chaut comparés aux lymphocytes CD8+ de la rate des souris contrôles et des souris Line 31. Ils expriment aussi des marqueurs de surface caractéristiques de cellules activées (CD69, CD25, un isoforme of CD43 reconnu par l'anticorps monoclonal 1B11 et NKG2D). Cependant, les lymphocytes CD8+ du SNC sont différents des cellules effectrices/mémoires typiques par leur basse expression de CD122, la chaîne beta du récepteur de IL-2 et IL-15. Nous avons aussi montré, tant au niveau des protéines que de l'ARN messager, que ces cellules sont bien équipées pour tuer des cellules cibles via plusieurs processus cytotoxiques. Après une courte restimulation, la plupart des lymphocytes CD8+ du SNC produisent de l'IFN-gamma et du TNF-alpha. Certaines cellules sont aussi capables de$
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Beta2-glycoprotein I-specific T cells: antigen specificity and role in the induction of anti-phospholipid syndromeRoter, Evan January 2010 (has links)
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to phospholipid (PL)-binding proteins, such as β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI), and clinical manifestations including thrombosis and/or recurrent pregnancy loss. APS patients have β2GPI-reactive T cells, but their origin is unclear. We hypothesized that mice immunized with human (foreign) β2GPI would produce T cells reactive with murine β2GPI. We further proposed that β2GPI oxidation, reduction, or binding to PL would alter T cell recognition of β2GPI. Splenic T cells from C57BL/6 mice immunized repeatedly with human β2GPI and lipopolysaccharide were found to produce IFN-γ in response to native human β2GPI, alone or bound to anionic PL; reduced β2GPI; and to a lesser extent oxidized β2GPI. However, the T cells did not respond to any form of murine β2GPI. β2GPI-reactive T cell hybridomas showed similar results. Antibodies to murine β2GPI were produced by immunization with human or murine β2GPI with complete Freund's adjuvant, but no β2GPI-reactive T cell response was observed. Our data indicate that a break in B cell tolerance to autologous β2GPI can occur in the absence of a detectable in vitro T cell response to this protein. / Le syndrome antiphospholipide (SAPL) est une maladie autoimmune caractérisée par la présence d'auto-anticorps antiphospholipides (aPL) dirigés contre des protéines liant les phospholipides anioniques dont la β2-glycoproteine I (β2GPI), ainsi que par des manifestations cliniques incluant la thrombose et la perte foetale récurrente. Les patients souffrant du SAPL possèdent des lymphocytes T sensibles au β2GPI mais leurs origines restent inconnues. Nous posons donc l'hypothèse que des souris immunisées avec β2GPI humain produiraient des lymphocytes T sensibles au β2GPI endogène. De surcroit, nous proposons que l'oxydation, la réduction, ou la liaison du β2GPI aux phospholipides affecterait l'identification du β2GPI par les lymphocytes T. Après de nombreuses immunisations avec du β2GPI humain, des lymphocytes T de rate provenant de souris C57BL/6 produisent de l'interferon-γ (IFN-γ) en présence soit de β2GPI humain - isolé ou lié à un phospholipide anionique; de β2GPI humain réduit; ainsi, mais à un degré moindre, de β2GPI humain oxydé. Toutefois, les lymphocytes T n'ont produit pas de réponses à aucune forme de β2GPI murin qui soient. Des résultats similaires avec hybridomes de lymphocytes T sensibles au β2GPI furent aussi obtenus. D'autre part des anticorps contre le β2GPI murin furent obtenus à la suite d'immunisations, utilisant du β2GPI humain ou murin conjointement avec de l'adjuvant de Freund, mais aucune réponse de lymphocytes T sensibles au β2GPI furent observée. Nos résultats indiquent que la tolérance des lymphocytes B au β2GPI autologue peut être brisée en absence d'une réponse détectable in vitro de lymphocytes T au β2GPI.
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