BACKGROUND: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has been growing in China over the past few years. Extensive investigations on the neurocognitive impact of HIV have been carried out in the West, where clade B is the predominant HIV subtype. There are only a few studies on the neurocognitive pattern of Chinese in Hong Kong, where clade E and clade B HIV was equally distributed in the population. The objective of the present study was to examine the prevalence and the patterns of neurocognitive impairment of Hong Kong Chinese. / CONCLUSIONS: Among HIV+ Hong Kong Chinese, there is a pattern of subtle and variable neurocognitive deficits. The present findings has highlighted its compatibility with research on the neurocognitive profiles in clade B HIV+ individuals in the West and the impact of cART on the presentations of HAND. / METHOD: Participants include 119 HIV+ Chinese patients between the age of 18 to 50 recruited from a major tertiary specialist centre offering and territory-wide comprehensive treatment. For the comparison group, 153 age and years of education matched HIV- controls were recruited from the Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service. A neuropsychological test battery consisted of 12 test measures agreed to be sensitive in detecting the effects of HIV on the brain was administered to the participants. / RESULTS: Factor analysis was used to evaluate the factorial validity of the test battery and 6 neurocognitive domains were identified. A total of 24% of HIV+ participants were classified to suffer from global neurocognitive deficits. No clade-specific difference was observed in terms of prevalence of neurocognitive impairment and pattern of neurocognitive performance. Two-stage cluster analysis identified 5 clusters in both HIV+ and HIV- groups respectively. There was an overall taxonomy of 3 groupings, which are HIV+ patients who are globally impaired, who are neurocognitively intact, and who are subclinical. Neurocognitive impairment was found to have no association with depressed mood and medical indices of CD4 cell count and plasma viral load. Nevertheless, the group of globally impaired group was significantly older than the neurocognitively intact group. / Chan, Wing Sze Iris. / Adviser: Patrick Wing-Leung Leung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-170). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Conclusions The results showed that depression is prevalent among Chinese PLWH and perceived discrimination is a source of stress. Perceived stress, social support and coping strategies had independent effects on mental health outcomes but there were no interaction effects. The Brief COPE was validated and had a structure different from the original, again supporting the importance of cultural variations. Our results hence provided useful instrumentations (PSSHIV and Brief COPE) as well as a good foundation for the development of theories and interventions specific to the needs of the PLWH in China. / Introduction Mental health issues are prevalent among People Living with HIV (PLWH). Instrumentation, conceptualization and theoretical models of stress-coping-mental health relationships among PLWH are important but theoretical and practical differences exist in the context of different cultures and quality of care services. / Objectives The aims of the study were 1) to develop a new Perceived Stress Scale for People Living with HIV (PSSHIV); 2) to validate the Brief COPE inventory among Chinese PLWH; 3) to investigate determinants of perceived stress and psychological well-being. / Results The newly developed PSSHIV and the rearranged version of the Brief COPE were validated and found to have acceptable psychometric properties. Of all participants, 63.3% showed moderate/severe depressive symptoms. 'Problem-solving and Acceptance' and 'Self-blame and Denial' were commonly used coping strategies. Socioeconomic status (SES), perceived discrimination, and optimism were significantly associated with overall stress and some of the subscales of PSSHIV. Perceived stress appeared to mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. In addition to perceived stress, social support and some particular coping strategies were associated with depression. Similar though not identical results were found using quality of life as the outcome. / Subject and Methods To achieve Aim 1, PLWH in two Chinese cities were interviewed for item generation and validation. Aims 2 to 4 were achieved through another survey conducted in the same cities. Participants were recruited from the registry of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and from users of hospital services and Methadone Maintenance Treatment clinics. Standard statistical methods were used for validation studies. / Su, Xiaoyou. / Adviser: Tak Fai Joseph Lau. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-206). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

隨著高效能抗病毒藥物治療的推出，愛滋病病患者的不良健康狀況得以逆轉。愛滋病病毒感染已不再是無藥可治的絶症，而是一種需要終生服藥的慢性疾病。但是，藥物的出現並未減輕疾病本身對病患者的心理健康打擊，例如被社會歧視，而藥物的副作用則被大量發現，藥物治療的進步並不一定能改善病患者的生活質素，而監測患者的生活質素便成為必要。但是，目前供病患者所使用的生活質素量表，均於推出高效能抗病毒藥物治療前或不久後發展而成，並在西方國家使用，因此，此項研究的目的是要發展和確認一份與本土文化和環境背景相關的生活質素量表，供香港的華藉愛滋病病毒感染者和病患者所使用。 / 此研究項目共分為三個階段。第一階段集中於項目產生，以質性研究方法探討愛滋病病毒感染者和病患者對生活質素含義和組成內容的看法。此階段共招募了36位參與者(30男、6女)進行面對面的單獨訪問。以主題分析方法，找出了10個生活質素的類別及65個項目，並以它們為藍本構成量表的項目庫。項目庫的表面效度和全面性經參與者的確認後，新的生活質素量表CHAQOL才成立。 / 第二階段集中於項目删減。此階段以統計方法為主導，删減多餘和缺乏一貫性的項目。從168位參與者的數據分析所得，保留40個項目便能使新量表達致最理想的內部結構和項目的一致性和變異性，結果並顯示香港華藉愛滋病病毒感染者和病患者的生活質素由六個因素模型構成，這包括：「生活滿意度」、「情緒健康」、「身體健康」、「羞辱和歧視」、「親密關係」和「抗病毒治療的信念」。 / 第三階段集中測試CHAQOL量表的心理計量特質，此階段新招募了239位參與者，再測試可信度的初試和複試相隔兩週進行，分析結果顯示，40個項目的加權卡帕係數為0.46至0.93，在六個範圍組內的相關係數為0.82至0.97。至於內部一致性可信度，克隆巴赫係數為0.63至0.93。這些結果皆顯露CHAQOL量表是可信的。至於效度方面，驗證性因素檢測結果支持CHAQOL量表是由六個因素模型構成的，而多項特質排列檢驗分析結果亦顯示CHAQOL量表有良好的項目會聚性，其在六個範圍組內的會聚成功率為75%至100%，與此同時，CHAQOL量表內的所有範圍組內的區分成功率為71%至100%，只有「情緒健康」範疇得到較不理想的區分成功率。CHAQOL量表在區分已知有差異組別上的表現良好，六個構成量表的範疇均能區分有不同臨床特徵的病患者的主觀感受，這包括病情、病徵和藥物治療副作用的嚴重程度。已被確認有效度的通用生活質素量表WHQOOL-BREF和HIV Stigma量表的子量表被用作檢測CHAQOL量表的同時效度，檢測結果顯示較強至中等強度的相關性只存在於CHAQOL量表的「滿意生活度」、「情緒健康」、「身體健康」的三個範疇和WHQOOL-BREF量表內的各個範疇，但不存在於CHAQOL量表內的餘下範疇，而類似的最強相關性關係也存在於HIV Stigma量表的子量表和CHAQOL量表內的「羞辱和歧視」範疇。總括來說，測試結果提供初步科學證據支持CHAQOL量表的信度和效度。 / With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the health status of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) becomes reversible. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is no longer an incurable fatal disease, but a chronic disease that requires lifelong treatment. However, the emergence of HAART does not lessen the detrimental impact of the disease on the psychosocial well-being of patients, such as the effect of social stigmatization. The side effects of HAART are also well documented. Therefore, the advancement in treatment not necessarily improves the quality of life (QOL) of patients and monitoring patients’ QOL becomes crucial. Nevertheless, existing QOL measures specifically for HIV/AIDS patients were developed either before or shortly after HAART, which were used in Western countries. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and validate a culturally and contextually relevant QOL measure for the Chinese people living with HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong (HK). / This study comprised three phases. Phase One focused on generating items for the QOL measure. Qualitative research methodology was adopted to explore the meaning and constituents of QOL from the perspective of HIV/AIDS patients. Thirty-six (30 male, 6 female) participants were recruited for face-to-face individual interviews. Using thematic analysis, 10 QOL categories were identified, and 65 items were devised to form an item pool. The face validity and comprehensiveness of the item pool was affirmed by the participants. The initial draft of new measure, named CHAQOL, was thus established. / Phase Two focused on item reduction. A statistically driven approach was adopted to eliminate any psychometrically redundant and incoherent items. Based on the data collected from 168 participants, 40 items were retained to give the optimal internal structure and item consistency and variability. This initial version suggested a six-factor model of QOL for the Chinese people living with HIV/AIDS of HK. The six factors are: "life satisfaction", "emotional well-being", "physical well-being", "stigma and discrimination", "intimate relationships", and "belief in antiretroviral therapy" (ART). / Phase Three focused on testing the psychometric properties of the CHAQOL. Another sample of 239 HIV/AIDS participants was recruited. The test and retest conducted two weeks apart. The weighted kappa values of 40 items ranged between 0.46 and 0.93 whereas the intraclass correlation coefficients of six QOL dimensions ranged between 0.82 and 0.97. For the internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.63 to 0.93. The results demonstrated CHAQOL to be reliable. In the evaluation of construct validity, the results of confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor model underlying CHAQOL. Multitrait scaling analysis showed that CHAQOL had good item convergent success rate ranging from 75% to 100% for the six subscales. All subscales of the CHAQOL, except the emotional well-being, had good item discriminant validity with an item discriminant success rate ranging from 71% to 100%. Known-group comparison indicated that the CHAQOL was able to distinguish the differences in all six QOL dimensions between Chinese HIV-infected people with different levels of disease severity, symptom severity and severity of ART-related side effects. The validated generic measure WHOQOL-BREF (HK) and the HIV Stigma subscale were used to examine the concurrent validity with the CHAQOL. Strong-to-moderate correlations were found only between the CHAQOL dimensions “life satisfaction, “emotional well-being, and “physical well-being, as well as the domains of WHOQOL-BREF (HK), but not for the remaining dimensions. Similarly, strongest correlations were found between the CHAQOL subscales “stigma and discrimination and the HIV stigma subscale. The results provide evidence on the reliability and validity of the CHAQOL. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ho, Choi Fung. / "December 2012." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 244-272). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / List of Tables --- p.xviii / List of Figures --- p.xx / List of abbreviations --- p.xxi / List of APPENDICES --- p.xxii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Study Background --- p.1 / Epidemiological Background of HIV Infection --- p.3 / Overview on HIV/AIDS and Its Treatment --- p.4 / Pathogenesis --- p.4 / Disease Trajectory --- p.4 / HAART --- p.6 / Effects of HIV Infection on QOL --- p.6 / Role of Nurses in Enhancing QOL of HIV/AIDS Patients in HK --- p.8 / Aim of the Study --- p.9 / Significance of the Study --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Literature Search Strategy --- p.10 / Conceptualization and Measurement of Quality of Life (QOL) --- p.12 / QOL Concept Applied to Health Care --- p.12 / Attributes of QOL --- p.13 / Subjective construct --- p.15 / Objective indicators and proxy assessment --- p.16 / Cultural-specific and dynamic in nature --- p.17 / Multidimensional --- p.19 / Definition of QOL for health care practice. . --- p.21 / QOL Dimensions of People Living with HIV/AIDS --- p.22 / Physical Dimension --- p.23 / Overview on CD4 cell count and HIV disease stage --- p.24 / CD4 cell count --- p.24 / HIV disease stage --- p.25 / HIV-related symptoms in relation to physical health --- p.25 / CD4 cell count and disease stage in relation to physical health --- p.27 / HAART-related symptoms in relation to physical health --- p.28 / Psychological Dimension --- p.30 / Identity and adjustment --- p.30 / Uncertainty in treatment and disease outcomes --- p.32 / Psychological symptoms --- p.33 / Social Dimension --- p.35 / HIV-related stigma and discrimination --- p.36 / Outcomes of HIV disclosure on social and family relationships --- p.37 / Sexual Dimension --- p.40 / Spiritual Dimension --- p.42 / Summary on QOL Dimensions of People Living with HIV/AIDS --- p.43 / Evaluation of QOL --- p.45 / Property Requirements for Quantitative QOL Measures . --- p.46 / A Review of Generic Measures --- p.48 / MOS SF-36 --- p.48 / WHOQOL-BREF --- p.49 / Critique on generic measures --- p.50 / A Review of Disease-specific Measures --- p.51 / MOS-HIV --- p.54 / HOPES --- p.55 / FAHI --- p.56 / MQOL-HIV --- p.57 / HAT-QOL --- p.58 / Critique on disease-specific measures --- p.59 / Summary of Literature Review --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methods / Operational Definitions --- p.63 / Aim of the Study --- p.64 / Study Design --- p.64 / Setting --- p.64 / Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria of the Sample --- p.66 / Phase One --- p.66 / Sampling Plan and Sample Size --- p.67 / Data Collection --- p.70 / Interview guide --- p.70 / Pilot study --- p.71 / Data Analysis --- p.72 / First: Familiarizing with the data --- p.72 / Second: Extracting initial codes --- p.72 / Third: Generating themes --- p.73 / Fourth: Reviewing the themes --- p.73 / Fifth: Defining and naming themes --- p.73 / Sixth: Comparing differences and similarities between groups --- p.74 / Measures to Ensure Rigour --- p.74 / First: Truth value and applicability --- p.75 / Second: Consistency --- p.75 / Third: Neutrality --- p.76 / Initial Draft of CHAQOL --- p.76 / Phase Two --- p.78 / Sampling Plan and Sample Size --- p.78 / Data Collection --- p.81 / Data Analysis --- p.82 / Revision and Scoring Method of CHAQOL --- p.84 / Phase Three --- p.86 / Main Study --- p.87 / Sampling plan --- p.87 / Sample size for the main study --- p.89 / Data Collection --- p.92 / Translation of the HIV Stigma Subscale --- p.94 / Data Analysis --- p.95 / Retest --- p.97 / Sampling size --- p.98 / Data Analysis --- p.98 / Ethical Consideration --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Findings Phase One of the Study / Introduction --- p.101 / Individual Interview --- p.102 / Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants --- p.102 / Categories and Subcategories Identified in Phase One --- p.105 / Category: Perceptions of HIV Infection --- p.107 / First subcategory: threat of getting an incurable disease . --- p.107 / Second subcategory: worry about transmitting the disease to other people --- p.108 / Third subcategory: losing control over many things in life. --- p.108 / Fourth subcategory: having no future --- p.108 / Fifth subcategory: becoming a patient --- p.109 / Category: Adaptation and Coping --- p.109 / First subcategory: initial negative feelings --- p.110 / Second subcategory: confidence in overcoming difficulties --- p.110 / Third subcategory: acceptance of living with HIV --- p.111 / Fourth subcategory: letting negative feelings go --- p.111 / Fifth subcategory: thinking optimistically --- p.112 / Six subcategory: maintaining a calm and peaceful state of mind --- p.112 / Category: Perceptions of Physical Health --- p.113 / First subcategory: experiences of fatigue --- p.113 / Second subcategory: decline in physical strength --- p.113 / Third subcategory: satisfaction with present health status --- p.114 / Fourth subcategory: ability to maintain physical health --- p.114 / Fifth subcategory: worry about future health --- p.115 / Category: HIV Care Services --- p.115 / First subcategory: support from health care workers --- p.115 / Second subcategory: difficulties in scheduling regular follow-up --- p.116 / Category: Experiences in Stigma and Discrimination --- p.116 / First subcategory: worry about being regarded as shameful --- p.117 / Second subcategory: worry about being discriminated against --- p.117 / Third subcategory: worry about being estranged --- p.117 / Fourth subcategory: experiences in secrecy --- p.118 / Category: Experiences of ART --- p.118 / First subcategory: improving health status --- p.119 / Second subcategory: spoiling my appearance --- p.119 / Third subcategory: readiness for lifelong ART --- p.120 / Fourth subcategory: causing inconvenience to daily life --- p.120 / Fifth subcategory: tolerability of the side effects --- p.120 / Category: Effects of HIV on Family and Social Relationships --- p.121 / First subcategory: having a warm family --- p.121 / Second subcategory: having a regular intimate partner/spouse --- p.122 / Third subcategory: ability to take care of my family --- p.122 / Fourth subcategory: ability to maintain social relationships --- p.123 / Category: Perceptions of Sexual Relationships --- p.123 / First subcategory: avoidance of sexual activities --- p.124 / Second subcategory: satisfaction with present sexual life . --- p.124 / Category: Career and Financial Concerns --- p.125 / First subcategory: effect of HIV on my career --- p.125 / Second subcategory: having enough money to maintain my living standard --- p.125 / Third subcategory: worry about my living expenses for the future --- p.126 / Category: Pleasure and Contentment --- p.126 / First subcategory: living in preferred ways --- p.127 / Second subcategory: being able to do enjoyable things --- p.127 / Third subcategory: having somebody to share the happiness and sorrow --- p.127 / Fourth subcategory: sense of contentment --- p.128 / Comparisons of Similarities and Differences of Findings Identified by Different Groups of Participants --- p.129 / Comparing the Key Descriptions --- p.130 / First: male versus female --- p.130 / Second: those aged less than 40 years versus those aged 40 years or above --- p.131 / Third: AIDS patient versus non-AIDS patient --- p.131 / Comparing the Categories and Subcategories --- p.132 / Initial Draft of CHAQOL --- p.133 / Forming of Item Pool --- p.133 / Face Validity and Pilot Test of CHAQOL --- p.136 / First: verification of the importance of CHAQOL Items --- p.137 / Second: pilot test of the CHAQOL --- p.140 / Third: feedback and comments on CHAQOL --- p.143 / Summary --- p.144 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results Phase Two of the Study / Introduction --- p.145 / Phase Two of the Study --- p.146 / Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants --- p.148 / Pattern of Missing Data --- p.150 / Item Reduction --- p.153 / First: Exploratory Factor Analysis --- p.153 / Second: Internal Consistency Analysis --- p.161 / Third: Variability Analysis --- p.165 / Fourth: feedback of participants --- p.168 / Summary --- p.168 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Results Phase Three of the Study / Introduction --- p.170 / Pilot Study --- p.171 / Phase Three of the Study --- p.173 / Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Participants --- p.175 / DH versus HA Participants --- p.177 / Sample versus Study Population of DH Clinic --- p.177 / Psychometric Properties of CHAQOL --- p.179 / Variation and Missing Response --- p.179 / Results of all participants --- p.179 / Results of subgroup analysis --- p.183 / Subscale Score Distributions and Internal Consistency --- p.186 / Test and Retest Reliability --- p.189 / Item Convergent and Discriminant Validities --- p.191 / Confirmatory Factor Analysis --- p.199 / Concurrent Validity --- p.202 / Known-group Comparisons --- p.204 / Summary --- p.208 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion / Introduction --- p.211 / Perception of QOL among Chinese People Living with HIV/AID --- p.211 / Dynamic Nature --- p.212 / Cultural Specificity --- p.213 / Spirituality and emotional well-being --- p.214 / Intimate relationship --- p.215 / Stigma and discrimination --- p.216 / Comparing the QOL Dimensions of CHAQOL with Existing Commonly Used QOL Measures --- p.218 / Psychometric Properties of CHAQOL --- p.221 / Adequacy of the Coverage of Items --- p.221 / Item generation --- p.221 / Item reduction --- p.222 / Evidence for Reliability --- p.223 / Test and retest stability --- p.223 / Internal Consistency --- p.224 / Evidence for Validity --- p.224 / Confirmatory Factor Analysis --- p.225 / Multitrait scaling analysis --- p.226 / Known-group comparisons --- p.227 / Concurrent validity --- p.228 / Item Variation and Missing Response --- p.229 / Item Variability --- p.229 / Missing Response --- p.230 / Representativeness of Samples --- p.231 / Limitations of the Study --- p.234 / Conclusion --- p.236 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Introduction / Implications to the Nursing Practice --- p.237 / Recommendations for Future Studies --- p.239 / Overall Conclusion --- p.242 / Reference --- p.244 / Appendices --- p.273

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Transgender women have the highest HIV prevalence rates of all gender and sexual minorities, yet are less likely to enter and be retained in HIV care. As a result, they are at high risk for HIV-related morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to describe the illness career of transgender women living with HIV and to describe how interactions with health care providers and important others influenced their illness trajectory. The findings are a theoretical model that includes four stages: Having the world come crashing down, shutting out the world, living in a dark world, and reconstructing the world. Relationships within the social network (family, friends, and romantic partners) and the network of health care providers provided the context of the women's illness careers. Pivotal moments marked movement from one phase to the next. Having the World Crashing Down was the first stage that occurred when the participants were diagnosed with HIV. They felt that their lives as they knew them had been destroyed. They indicated that the "whole world just shattered" the moment they found out they had HIV. Shutting Out the World occurred next. During this stage, many participants experienced withdrawal, denial, social isolation and loneliness. As they struggled with their diagnosis, they often avoided HIV care and avoided contact with important others. During the third stage, Living in a Dark World, participants descended into a dark phase of self-destructive life and health-threatening behaviors following their diagnosis. During the fourth stage, Reconstructing the World, participants began to reestablish themselves in the world and found new ways to reengage with important others and resume meaningful life activities. Findings confirm that the illness careers of HIV-positive transgender women are influenced by the social context of the health care setting and interactions with health care providers and important others.

A epidemia da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (aids) já atingiu aproximadamente 40 milhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo. O controle adequado da infecção pelo HIV através do tratamento anti-retroviral proporciona menor resistência viral, níveis mais baixos de carga viral, diminuindo, assim, a probabilidade da transmissão do HIV. A adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral é importante para o sucesso do tratamento. A depressão é um transtorno psiquiátrico com prevalência elevada na população geral e nos portadores do HIV/Aids. Sabe-se que a depressão é um fator limitante para boa adesão. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a associação entre a adesão e a depressão em 164 pacientes portadores do HIV/Aids, em acompanhamento médico num serviço especializado, no período de outubro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: SCID/DSM-IV (Strutured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination - Miniexame do Estado Mental), questionário sócio-demográfico, laboratorial, da doença e tratamento e questionário de adesão. A média de idade foi 39 anos, e 72% da amostra eram do sexo masculino. Mais de 85% dos pacientes se infectaram com o HIV através de relações sexuais. Apenas 7,9% eram usuários de drogas injetáveis. A média de CD4 foi 404,8 e carga viral 3,55 (log). A prevalência de depressão atual foi 17,7%, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os mais jovens. Setenta e cinco pacientes (45,73%) apresentaram episódio depressivo passado. Dos 164 pacientes, 137 faziam uso de anti-retrovirais. Pacientes que tomavam 95% dos anti-retrovirais foram considerados pacientes que aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi avaliada através de questionário e 79,56% dos pacientes aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi maior entre os homens e os mais velhos. A carga viral também apresentou associação com a adesão e com antecedente pessoal de depressão. A adesão não mostrou associação com depressão / Approximately 40 million individuals are infected by HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the word. The control of the HIV infection by the antiretroviral treatment provides lower viral resistance; lower viral load levels and diminishes the probability of the transmission of the HIV. The adherence to antiretroviral treatment is important for the success of the treatment. Depression is a psychiatric disorder with high prevalence in general population and in HIV/AIDS infected patients. Depression seems to be a limitation for good adherence. In this study, the association between adherence and depression was assessed in 164 HIV/AIDS infected patients in a specialized service, in the period of October of 2002 and October of 2003. The following instruments were applied: SCID/DSM-IV (Structured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Manual Statistical of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination), sociodemographic, laboratorial, disease and adherence questionnaires. The mean age was 39 years-old and 72% of the sample were men. More than 85% of the patients were infected by sexual contact and 7.9% were injecting drug users. The mean of CD4 was 404.8 and viral load 3.55 (log). The prevalence of current depression was 17.7%, with higher prevalence among youngest. Seventy five patients (45.73%) had a lifetime depressive episode. Of the 164 patients, 137 were treated with antiretroviral. Patients who took at least 95% of the antiretroviral medications had been considered adhered to treatment. The adherence was evaluated through questionnaire and was presented in 79.56% of the patients. The adherence was higher among men and oldest. The viral load also showed association with adherence and lifetime depression. The adherence was not associated to depression

by Joe Chan Bing Hang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-54). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; questionnaire in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / Chapter CHAPTER I - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER II - --- METHOD --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER III - --- RESULTS --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER IV - --- DISCUSSION --- p.38 / REFERENCES --- p.48 / APPENDIX --- p.55

A epidemia da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (aids) já atingiu aproximadamente 40 milhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo. O controle adequado da infecção pelo HIV através do tratamento anti-retroviral proporciona menor resistência viral, níveis mais baixos de carga viral, diminuindo, assim, a probabilidade da transmissão do HIV. A adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral é importante para o sucesso do tratamento. A depressão é um transtorno psiquiátrico com prevalência elevada na população geral e nos portadores do HIV/Aids. Sabe-se que a depressão é um fator limitante para boa adesão. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a associação entre a adesão e a depressão em 164 pacientes portadores do HIV/Aids, em acompanhamento médico num serviço especializado, no período de outubro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: SCID/DSM-IV (Strutured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination - Miniexame do Estado Mental), questionário sócio-demográfico, laboratorial, da doença e tratamento e questionário de adesão. A média de idade foi 39 anos, e 72% da amostra eram do sexo masculino. Mais de 85% dos pacientes se infectaram com o HIV através de relações sexuais. Apenas 7,9% eram usuários de drogas injetáveis. A média de CD4 foi 404,8 e carga viral 3,55 (log). A prevalência de depressão atual foi 17,7%, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os mais jovens. Setenta e cinco pacientes (45,73%) apresentaram episódio depressivo passado. Dos 164 pacientes, 137 faziam uso de anti-retrovirais. Pacientes que tomavam 95% dos anti-retrovirais foram considerados pacientes que aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi avaliada através de questionário e 79,56% dos pacientes aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi maior entre os homens e os mais velhos. A carga viral também apresentou associação com a adesão e com antecedente pessoal de depressão. A adesão não mostrou associação com depressão / Approximately 40 million individuals are infected by HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the word. The control of the HIV infection by the antiretroviral treatment provides lower viral resistance; lower viral load levels and diminishes the probability of the transmission of the HIV. The adherence to antiretroviral treatment is important for the success of the treatment. Depression is a psychiatric disorder with high prevalence in general population and in HIV/AIDS infected patients. Depression seems to be a limitation for good adherence. In this study, the association between adherence and depression was assessed in 164 HIV/AIDS infected patients in a specialized service, in the period of October of 2002 and October of 2003. The following instruments were applied: SCID/DSM-IV (Structured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Manual Statistical of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination), sociodemographic, laboratorial, disease and adherence questionnaires. The mean age was 39 years-old and 72% of the sample were men. More than 85% of the patients were infected by sexual contact and 7.9% were injecting drug users. The mean of CD4 was 404.8 and viral load 3.55 (log). The prevalence of current depression was 17.7%, with higher prevalence among youngest. Seventy five patients (45.73%) had a lifetime depressive episode. Of the 164 patients, 137 were treated with antiretroviral. Patients who took at least 95% of the antiretroviral medications had been considered adhered to treatment. The adherence was evaluated through questionnaire and was presented in 79.56% of the patients. The adherence was higher among men and oldest. The viral load also showed association with adherence and lifetime depression. The adherence was not associated to depression