Programa de Doctorado Antropología Biológica y de la Salud 2001-2003

Texte remanié de: Tesis de doctorado. / La p. de faux-titre porte en plus "Los locos del Hospital de los inocentes (1409-1512) y del Hospital general (1512-1699)" Bibliogr. p. 387-425.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between consultants and general practitioners, particularly as far as hospital in-patient care is concerned. How has the role of each of them evolved? What is the effect of the division between consultants and general practitioners on in-patient care? What is the role of the general practitioner as far as in-patient care is concerned, particularly in general practitioner units? In order to examine these questions the historical origin of the general practitioner and consultant is described, and the results of two surveys are presented. The first survey was carried out in 1970 in a teaching hospital, The Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, and is called the Radcliffe Survey. The second was carried out in 1970-71 and consisted of a survey of all medical admissions from one general practice in Wantage to Wantage Hospital and consultant wards in the United Oxford Hospitals; this is called the Wantage Survey. The results of these surveys are used to examine a number of hypotheses. These will be stated in detail, but broadly speaking the aim of the surveys was to try to discover how much hospital care can be provided in a general practitioner hospital as an alternative to consultant care, how the admissions to the two types of hospital are selected and how they differ. Obstetrics is not included in either survey because the role of G.P. obstetric units has been well covered in a number of publications. The Radcliffe Survey was concerned with medical and surgical patients, but it is medical admissions that form the largest part of in-patient care in general practitioner hospitals and, at the same time, the least investigated. Therefore, the Wantage Survey was concerned almost exclusively with medical admissions.

This thesis study evaluates access to care at an internal medicine unit with solely semi-private rooms at Baystate Medical Center (BMC). Patients are divided into two types: Type I patient consumes one bed; Type II patient occupies two beds or an entire semi-private room as a private space for clinical reasons, resulting in one empty but unavailable (blocked) bed per Type II patient. Because little data is available on blocked beds and Type II patients, unit-level hospital bed planning studies that consider blocked beds have been lacking. This thesis study bridges that gap by building a single-stream and a two-stream discrete micro-simulation model in Excel VBA to describe unit-level bed queue dynamics at hourly granularity in the next 48-hour time horizon, using historical arrival rates and census-dependent discharge rates, supplemented with qualitative results on complexity of patient-level discharge prediction. Results showed that while we increase additional semiprivate beds, there was notable difference between the traditional single-stream model and the two-stream model concerning improvement in bed queue size. Possible directions for future research include patient-level discharge prediction considering both clinical and nonclinical milestones, and strategic redesign of hospital unit(s) considering overflows and internal transfers.

Apesar de terem surgido há mais de um século na Europa, o crescimento do número de unidades de saúde mental em hospitais gerais no Brasil veio de encontro às diretrizes das reformas sanitária e psiquiátrica propaladas partir da década de setenta. Desde então, essas unidades não foram submetidas a uma avaliação sistemática. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo conhecer os modos de funcionamento, a inserção na rede de assistência à saúde mental e o compromisso populacional de algumas dessas unidades na Região Metropolitana da Grande São Paulo. Para isso buscou-se obter, segundo a lógica de um processo avaliatório, as premissas que norteariam o uso de informações por gestores situados em diversos níveis em relação às unidades estudadas. Os resultados evidenciaram falta de clareza quanto ao papel desse tipo de equipamento dentro da rede assistencial, o que parece ser fruto da ausência de uma política de saúde mental na região. As dificuldades mais freqüentemente relatadas, como a impossibilidade de garantir a vinculação de pacientes em serviços extra-hospitalares especializados após a internação e a grande proporção de pacientes que chegam aos pronto-atendimentos sem necessitarem de um cuidado de urgência, não foram tidas como passíveis de algum tipo de resposta por parte dos hospitais gerais. Nas unidades, onde se privilegiam informações sobre a produção dos serviços em detrimento da avaliação do acesso e do impacto no estado de saúde da população que reside na área de abrangência do hospital, há um funcionamento independente do restante da rede, o que contribui para a fragmentação e iniqüidade da assistência à saúde mental. Um dos principais exemplos é a exclusão de pacientes das enfermarias psiquiátricas dos hospitais gerais, particularmente os cronificados, cuja patologia impossibilita a efetividade da terapêutica médica dentro do prazo estipulado para a internação. Em contrapartida, foram identificadas iniciativas que pretendem resgatar a integralidade da atenção, prioritariamente aos pacientes que merecem intervenções de maior complexidade e de longo prazo. Quanto ao cuidado aos pacientes portadores de transtornos mentais mais prevalentes, uma alternativa seria utilizar mecanismos de pressão – entre os quais informações sobre a utilização dos pronto-atendimentos psiquiátricos – para que os gestores municipais passem a investir nesse sentido. / Although having appeared more than a century ago in Europe, the increase in the number of mental health units in general hospitals in Brazil met the guidelines of the public health and psychiatric reforms propagated since the early seventies. Since then, these units haven't been submitted to a systematic assessment. The objective of present work was to be acquainted with the functioning modes of some of these units in São Paulo metropolitan area, their insertion in the mental health assistance system and their commitment to the population. In order to do so, there was an attempt to obtain, according to an assessment logic, the premisses guiding the use of information by the managers situated in different levels in relation to the studied units. The findings showed little clarity concerning the uses of such instruments inside the assistance system, which seems to be connected to the lack of a mental health policy for the studied region. The most frequently mentioned difficulties, like the impossibility to guarantee the patient the continuity of the treatment in the extra hospital services, after he has left the hospital, and the great proportion of patients that arrive at urgency services without having the need to receive urgent care, were not seen as something that general hospitals themselves could contribute to. The units, where the information about the services' production were privileged to the prejudice of the assesment of the services' access and the impact of the unit on the healthconditions of the population living under its referal areas, function independently of the rest of the mental health services, which contributes to the mental health care fragmentation and iniquity. One of the principal examples is the exclusion of patients from the the general hospitals' psychiatric inpatient services, especially the chronically mentally ill, whose pathologies make an effective treatment impossible, considering the period of time set for hospitalization. On the other hand, there has been identified initiatives that wish to redeem the integrate care, especially for the patients that require a more complex and long run treatment. An alternative for the care of the patients that have the most prevalent disabilities would be the use of pressure mechanisms – like information concerning the uses of psychiatric urgency services – to estimulate local managers investments.

Apesar de terem surgido há mais de um século na Europa, o crescimento do número de unidades de saúde mental em hospitais gerais no Brasil veio de encontro às diretrizes das reformas sanitária e psiquiátrica propaladas partir da década de setenta. Desde então, essas unidades não foram submetidas a uma avaliação sistemática. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo conhecer os modos de funcionamento, a inserção na rede de assistência à saúde mental e o compromisso populacional de algumas dessas unidades na Região Metropolitana da Grande São Paulo. Para isso buscou-se obter, segundo a lógica de um processo avaliatório, as premissas que norteariam o uso de informações por gestores situados em diversos níveis em relação às unidades estudadas. Os resultados evidenciaram falta de clareza quanto ao papel desse tipo de equipamento dentro da rede assistencial, o que parece ser fruto da ausência de uma política de saúde mental na região. As dificuldades mais freqüentemente relatadas, como a impossibilidade de garantir a vinculação de pacientes em serviços extra-hospitalares especializados após a internação e a grande proporção de pacientes que chegam aos pronto-atendimentos sem necessitarem de um cuidado de urgência, não foram tidas como passíveis de algum tipo de resposta por parte dos hospitais gerais. Nas unidades, onde se privilegiam informações sobre a produção dos serviços em detrimento da avaliação do acesso e do impacto no estado de saúde da população que reside na área de abrangência do hospital, há um funcionamento independente do restante da rede, o que contribui para a fragmentação e iniqüidade da assistência à saúde mental. Um dos principais exemplos é a exclusão de pacientes das enfermarias psiquiátricas dos hospitais gerais, particularmente os cronificados, cuja patologia impossibilita a efetividade da terapêutica médica dentro do prazo estipulado para a internação. Em contrapartida, foram identificadas iniciativas que pretendem resgatar a integralidade da atenção, prioritariamente aos pacientes que merecem intervenções de maior complexidade e de longo prazo. Quanto ao cuidado aos pacientes portadores de transtornos mentais mais prevalentes, uma alternativa seria utilizar mecanismos de pressão – entre os quais informações sobre a utilização dos pronto-atendimentos psiquiátricos – para que os gestores municipais passem a investir nesse sentido. / Although having appeared more than a century ago in Europe, the increase in the number of mental health units in general hospitals in Brazil met the guidelines of the public health and psychiatric reforms propagated since the early seventies. Since then, these units haven't been submitted to a systematic assessment. The objective of present work was to be acquainted with the functioning modes of some of these units in São Paulo metropolitan area, their insertion in the mental health assistance system and their commitment to the population. In order to do so, there was an attempt to obtain, according to an assessment logic, the premisses guiding the use of information by the managers situated in different levels in relation to the studied units. The findings showed little clarity concerning the uses of such instruments inside the assistance system, which seems to be connected to the lack of a mental health policy for the studied region. The most frequently mentioned difficulties, like the impossibility to guarantee the patient the continuity of the treatment in the extra hospital services, after he has left the hospital, and the great proportion of patients that arrive at urgency services without having the need to receive urgent care, were not seen as something that general hospitals themselves could contribute to. The units, where the information about the services' production were privileged to the prejudice of the assesment of the services' access and the impact of the unit on the healthconditions of the population living under its referal areas, function independently of the rest of the mental health services, which contributes to the mental health care fragmentation and iniquity. One of the principal examples is the exclusion of patients from the the general hospitals' psychiatric inpatient services, especially the chronically mentally ill, whose pathologies make an effective treatment impossible, considering the period of time set for hospitalization. On the other hand, there has been identified initiatives that wish to redeem the integrate care, especially for the patients that require a more complex and long run treatment. An alternative for the care of the patients that have the most prevalent disabilities would be the use of pressure mechanisms – like information concerning the uses of psychiatric urgency services – to estimulate local managers investments.