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Hydraulic losses in sewer pipes are caused by wall roughness, blockages and in-pipe sedimentation. Hydraulic resistance is a key parameter that is used to account for the hydraulic energy losses and predict the sewer system propensity to flood. Unfortunately, there are no objective methods to measure the hydraulic resistance in live sewers. A common method to estimate the hydraulic resistance of a sewer is to analyse collected CCTV images and then to compare them against a number of suggested hydraulic roughness values published in the Sewer Rehabilitation Manual. This thesis reports on the development of a novel, non-invasive acoustic method and instrumentation to measure the hydraulic roughness in partially filled pipes under various structural and operational conditions objectively. This research presents systematic laboratory and field studies of the hydraulic and surface water wave characteristics, of shallow water flows in a sewer pipes with the presence of local and distributed roughness, in order to relate them to some fundamental properties of the acoustic field measured in the vicinity of the flow surface. The results of this thesis indicate that for the local roughness the energy content of the reflected acoustic signal is an indicator of the pipe head loss and hydraulic roughness. In the case of the distributed roughness, the variation in the temporal and frequency characteristics of the propagated sound wave can be related empirically to the mean flow depth, mean velocity, wave standard deviation and hydraulic roughness.

Component erosion in gas turbines can be a serious problem. The erosive particles which may be sand, ingested into compressors in desert regions, or carbon shed from gas turbine combustors, contribute to significant blade life reduction. In extreme cases, both sand and carbon particles can cause surface build up on turbine blades reducing efficiency and block the small diameter cooling holes thereby reducing cooling effectiveness. A two-dimensional turbine cascade tunnel was designed and built incorporating perspex rotor blades which were eroded for a variety of parametric conditions. The aerodynamic performance of the turbine cascade tunnel is examined with respect to pressure losses and efficiency. The introduction of film cooling air in varying quantities and configurations in the leading edge region is shown to significantly reduce erosive wear. Maximum erosion was found to occur close to the stagnation point on the suction surface of the aerofoils. The test Reynolds number and particle trajectories were chosen to closely represent the entry conditions of an actual film cooled turbine which had experienced this type of erosive wear in operation.

M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering) / A hydromechanical traction system for a wheeled vehicle is being examined in order to generate information that will be applicable to the design of the drive system controller. The functional analysis of the drive system leads to the description of the system and component properties. A design methodology is proposed by which the system components could be dimensioned and the system layout constructed by taking into account the specified functional requirements concerning the system performance. An explicit description of power flow and manipulation of power flow in the drive system is given. The mechanisms by which the hydraulic machines are adjusted to manipulate power flow, are examined in detail so that their contribution to the dynamic behaviour of the total drive system can be described. , Experimental measurements are used to obtain a reliable description of the dynamic response of the adjustment mechanisms. An analytical model of the dynamic behaviour of the drive system is presented in block diagram format. The inherent multiple-input-multiple-output characteristic of the drive system with secondary controlled hydraulic motors is discussed. The block diagram is simplified to create linearized transfer functions that will depict the input-output-relationships. The effect of an accumulator on the dynamic response of the system is also given. Digital simulation programmes are constructed from the analytical model. The requirements of a vehicle traction system are interpreted and used as guidelines to conduct a functional design of the control system layout. The delivery of torque and the restriction of wheel spin for each of the wheel drive units, which is realised by secondary controlled hydraulic motors, are described in detail. A hypothetical drive system is considered and quantitive control system design information is generated, using the simulation programmes. Some aspects of the dynamic response of the system are discussed and it is shown that the adjustment mechanism has a big influence on the overall dynamic response of the system.