Chemnitz, Techn. Univ., Diplomarb., 2007.

The current technology used for location of permanent faults in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines and cables is based on the travelling-wave principle. This technology has served well for the conventional point-to-point HVDC systems, but is inadequate to handle emerging HVDC transmission configurations such as schemes with very long overhead lines or cables, schemes with a combination of cable and overhead line segments, and multi-terminal HVDC (MTHVDC) schemes. This research investigated accurate and economical ways to locate the faults on dc transmission lines in the aforementioned emerging HVDC transmission configurations. The accuracy of travelling-wave based fault location methods is highly dependent on the accuracy of measuring the time of arrival of the fault generated travelling waves. Investigations showed that post-processing of detection signals such as the line terminal voltages or surge capacitor currents with continuous wavelet transform yields consistent and accurate fault location results. This method was applied for fault location in HVDC systems with extra-long overhead lines and cables using only the terminal measurements. Simulation results verified the effectiveness of this method in locating the faults in a 2400 km long overhead line and a 300 km long underground cable. A new algorithm was proposed to locate the faults in a two-terminal HVDC system consisting of multiple segments of overhead lines and cables, using only the terminal measurements. Application of the proposed algorithm was analysed through detailed simulations. Correct performance was verified under various scenarios. A new algorithm was developed for locating the faults in a star-connected MTHVDC network. This algorithm is also required only the terminal measurements. Its effectiveness was verified through detailed simulations. Finally, a novel measurement scheme for detection of travelling-wave arrival times was proposed. A prototype of this measurement scheme which uses a Rogowski coil to measure the transient currents through the surge capacitors at the line terminals was implemented. Its effectiveness was validated through field tests in a real HVDC transmission system. The proposed measurement scheme could capture significantly clean signals in an actual substation environment, confirming the practicability of implementing the proposed new algorithms.

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In the past two decades, there has been huge amount of interest in Multiresolution Analysis Algorithms (MAAs) and their applications. Processing some of their applications such as medical imaging are computationally intensive, power hungry and requires large amount of memory which cause a high demand for efficient algorithm implementation, low power architecture and acceleration. Recently, some MAAs such as Finite Ridgelet Transform (FRIT) Haar Wavelet Transform (HWT) are became very popular and they are suitable for a number of image processing applications such as detection of line singularities and contiguous edges, edge detection (useful for compression and feature detection), medical image denoising and segmentation. Efficient hardware implementation and acceleration of these algorithms particularly when addressing large problems are becoming very chal-lenging and consume lot of power which leads to a number of issues including mobility, reliability concerns. To overcome the computation problems, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are the technology of choice for accelerating computationally intensive applications due to their high performance. Addressing the power issue requires optimi- sation and awareness at all level of abstractions in the design flow. The most important achievements of the work presented in this thesis are summarised here. Two factorisation methodologies for HWT which are called HWT Factorisation Method1 and (HWTFM1) and HWT Factorasation Method2 (HWTFM2) have been explored to increase number of zeros and reduce hardware resources. In addition, two novel efficient and optimised architectures for proposed methodologies based on Distributed Arithmetic (DA) principles have been proposed. The evaluation of the architectural results have shown that the proposed architectures results have reduced the arithmetics calculation (additions/subtractions) by 33% and 25% respectively compared to direct implementa-tion of HWT and outperformed existing results in place. The proposed HWTFM2 is implemented on advanced and low power FPGA devices using Handel-C language. The FPGAs implementation results have outperformed other existing results in terms of area and maximum frequency. In addition, a novel efficient architecture for Finite Radon Trans-form (FRAT) has also been proposed. The proposed architecture is integrated with the developed HWT architecture to build an optimised architecture for FRIT. Strategies such as parallelism and pipelining have been deployed at the architectural level for efficient im-plementation on different FPGA devices. The proposed FRIT architecture performance has been evaluated and the results outperformed some other existing architecture in place. Both FRAT and FRIT architectures have been implemented on FPGAs using Handel-C language. The evaluation of both architectures have shown that the obtained results out-performed existing results in place by almost 10% in terms of frequency and area. The proposed architectures are also applied on image data (256 £ 256) and their Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is evaluated for quality purposes. Two architectures for cyclic convolution based on systolic array using parallelism and pipelining which can be used as the main building block for the proposed FRIT architec-ture have been proposed. The first proposed architecture is a linear systolic array with pipelining process and the second architecture is a systolic array with parallel process. The second architecture reduces the number of registers by 42% compare to first architec-ture and both architectures outperformed other existing results in place. The proposed pipelined architecture has been implemented on different FPGA devices with vector size (N) 4,8,16,32 and word-length (W=8). The implementation results have shown a signifi-cant improvement and outperformed other existing results in place. Ultimately, an in-depth evaluation of a high level power macromodelling technique for design space exploration and characterisation of custom IP cores for FPGAs, called func-tional level power modelling approach have been presented. The mathematical techniques that form the basis of the proposed power modeling has been validated by a range of custom IP cores. The proposed power modelling is scalable, platform independent and compares favorably with existing approaches. A hybrid, top-down design flow paradigm integrating functional level power modelling with commercially available design tools for systematic optimisation of IP cores has also been developed. The in-depth evaluation of this tool enables us to observe the behavior of different custom IP cores in terms of power consumption and accuracy using different design methodologies and arithmetic techniques on virous FPGA platforms. Based on the results achieved, the proposed model accuracy is almost 99% true for all IP core's Dynamic Power (DP) components.

The rise in digital technology has also rose the use of digital images. The digital imagesrequire much storage space. The compression techniques are used to compress the dataso that it takes up less storage space. In this regard wavelets play important role. Inthis thesis, we studied the Haar wavelet system, which is a complete orthonormal systemin L2(R): This system consists of the functions j the father wavelet, and y the motherwavelet. The Haar wavelet transformation is an example of multiresolution analysis. Ourpurpose is to use the Haar wavelet basis to compress an image data. The method ofaveraging and differencing is used to construct the Haar wavelet basis. We have shownthat averaging and differencing method is an application of Haar wavelet transform. Afterdiscussing the compression by using Haar wavelet transform we used another method tocompress that is based on singular value decomposition. We used mathematical softwareMATLAB to compress the image data by using Haar wavelet transformation, and singularvalue decomposition.

Efficient detection of image blur and its extent is an open research problem in computer vision. Image blur has a negative impact on image quality. Blur is introduced into images due to various factors including limited contrast, improper exposure time or unstable device handling. Toward this end, an algorithm is presented for image blur detection with the use of Two-Dimensional Haar Wavelet transform (2D HWT). The algorithm is experimentally compared with two other image blur detection algorithms frequently cited in the literature. When evaluated over a sample of images, the algorithm performed on par or better than the two other blur detection algorithms.

Yes / In this study, the thermal performance analysis of porous fin with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and internal heat generation is carried out using Haar wavelet collocation method. The effects of various parameters on the thermal characteristics of the porous fin are investigated. It is found that as the porosity increases, the rate of heat transfer from the fin increases and the thermal performance of the porous fin increases. The numerical solutions by the Haar wavelet collocation method are in good agreement with the standard numerical solutions.

DNA copy number change is an important form of structural variation in human genome. Somatic copy number alterations (CNAs) can cause over expression of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes in tumorigenesis. Recent development of SNP array technology has facilitated studies on copy number changes at a genome-wide scale, with high resolution. Quantitative analysis of somatic CNAs on genes has found broad applications in cancer research. Most tumors exhibit genomic instability at chromosome scale as a result of dynamically accumulated genomic mutations during the course of tumor progression. Such higher level cancer genomic characteristics cannot be effectively captured by the analysis of individual genes. We introduced two definitions of chromosome instability (CIN) index to mathematically and quantitatively characterize genome-wide genomic instability. The proposed CIN indices are derived from detected CNAs using circular binary segmentation and wavelet transform, which calculates a score based on both the amplitude and frequency of the copy number changes. We generated CIN indices on ovarian cancer subtypes' copy number data and used them as features to train a SVM classifier. The experimental results show promising and high classification accuracy estimated through cross-validations. Additional survival analysis is constructed on the extracted CIN scores from TCGA ovarian cancer dataset and showed considerable correlation between CIN scores and various events and severity in ovarian cancer development. Currently our methods have been integrated into G-DOC. We expect these newly defined CINs to be predictors in tumors subtype diagnosis and to be a useful tool in cancer research. / Master of Science

One component of wireless communications of increasing necessity in both civilian and military applications is the process of automatic modulation classification. Modulation of a detected signal of unknown origin requiring interpretation must first be determined before the signal can be demodulated. This thesis presents a novel architecture for a modulation classifier that determines the most likely modulation using Grey Relational Analysis with the extraction and combination of multiple signal features. An evaluation of data preprocessing methods is conducted and performance of the classifier is investigated with the addition of each new signal feature used for classification. / Master of Science

The research presented in this dissertation pertains to the development of a real time SLAM solution that can be performed by a low cost autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with low cost and memory constrained computing resources. The design of a custom rangefinder for underwater applications is presented. The rangefinder makes use of two laser line generators and a camera to measure the unknown distance to objects in an underwater environment. A visual odometry algorithm is introduced that makes use of a downward facing camera to provide our underwater vehicle with localization information. The sensor suite composed of the laser rangefinder, downward facing camera, and a digital compass are verified, using the Extended Kalman Filter based solution to the SLAM problem along with the particle filter based solution known as FastSLAM, to ensure that they provide in- formation that is accurate enough to solve the SLAM problem for out low cost underwater vehicle. Next, an extension of the FastSLAM algorithm is presented that stores the map of the environment using an occupancy grid is introduced. The use of occupancy grids greatly increases the amount of memory required to perform the algorithm so a version of the Fast- SLAM algorithm that stores the occupancy grids using the Haar wavelet representation is presented. Finally, a form of the FastSLAM algorithm is presented that stores the occupancy grid in compressed form to reduce the amount memory required to perform the algorithm. It is shown in experimental results that the same result can be achieved, as that produced by the algorithm that stores the complete occupancy grid, using only 40% of the memory required to store the complete occupancy grid. / Ph. D.