<div> <div> <div> <p>Saliva influences chemical and textural sensations, yet details on sources of individual variability for these phenomena are still lacking. In this project, we investigated fatty sensations, dietary habits, and saliva’s emulsifying properties. Through a remote tasting and spitting protocol, participants were asked to rate sensory properties of fatty candies with varying concentrations of added linoleic acid (LA) as well as discriminate among fatty candies with/without LA and high/low fat ranch dressings. Additionally, participants swished and expectorated an oil/water mixture, and the expectorated emulsion was visually analyzed. Dietary habits were also assessed by 3-day dietary recalls. </p> <p>Linear mixed model was used to analyze sensory response, diet, and spit data. Sensory ratings of fatty candies indicate differences based on successful completion of either discrimination tasks. People who passed either discrimination tests (N=26 passed LA; N=22 passed high/low fat tests) rated higher “Fattiness” for the highest LA concentration. In contrast, people who failed the tests (N=36 failed LA; N=40 failed high/low fat tests) rated higher “Bitterness” with the highest LA concentration. Importantly, only 7 individuals overlapped in these two groups who passed the discrimination tasks. Lower total fat intake and larger expectorated fat layer were associated with higher “Bitterness,” particularly among those who passed the LA discrimination test and those who failed the high/low fat test. Moreover, lower protein and greater carbohydrate intake seemed to associate with the greater formation and stability of oral emulsions, particularly in individuals who failed the high/low fat discrimination task. Other factors such as total fat intake, medication usage, and BMI were mixed. In conclusion, sensory experience of fatty candies may vary based on the ability of an individual to sense the LA or fat content, and saliva’s ability to emulsify fat into water may vary with diet. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Objetivos. Investigar a associação entre consumo alimentar, índice glicêmico (IG) da dieta habitual com glicemia e insulinemia de jejum, resistência à insulina (HOMA R) e alteração da homeostase glicêmica (AHG: glicemia de jejum alterada - GJA, tolerância à glicose diminuída - TGD e diabetes mellitus tipo 2). Indivíduos e métodos. 1.054 nipo-brasileiros residentes em Bauru, ambos os sexos, 30 a 90 anos, primeira e segunda gerações, que participaram de inquérito transversal conduzido em 2000, sem diagnóstico prévio de AHG e/ou uso de hipoglicemiantes orais/insulina. Para avaliação da dieta habitual, utilizou-se questionário quantitativo de freqüência alimentar, previamente validado, com o auxílio do programa Dietsys versão 4.0. Os fatores dietéticos foram ajustados pelas calorias totais pelo método residual, após transformação logarítmica. As variáveis independentes foram inicialmente selecionadas segundo correlação de Pearson com glicemia e insulinemia de jejum ou HOMA R (variáveis dependentes contínuas) com valor de p<0,20. A associação entre nutrientes/ alimentos com as variáveis dependentes contínuas foi avaliada em modelos de regressão linear múltiplos. Modelos de regressão logística múltiplos foram utilizados para investigar a relação entre fatores dietéticos (tercis) com AHG, ajustados por fatores de confusão. Resultados. Após ajuste múltiplo, houve associações inversas entre o consumo dos grupos de laticínios integrais (g/dia), doces (g/dia), IG da dieta e glicemia de jejum (mg/dl). Relação inversa entre o consumo de IG da dieta e HOMA R também foi observada. Verificou-se razão de chances - RC (IC 95%) - para GJA de 1,70 (1,06 - 2,74) no último tercil de consumo de fibras totais em que as principais fontes alimentares foram o arroz polido, pão branco e frutas/sucos de frutas. Efeito protetor entre o tercil intermediário do consumo de vegetais [0,61 (0,38 - 0,98)] foi observado para TGD. Conclusão. Em nossa população de estudo, a fibra dietética proveniente do consumo excessivo de arroz polido, pão branco, frutas e sucos representou risco para AHG. Por outro lado, observou-se efeito protetor do maior consumo de vegetais para TGD. / Objective. To investigate the effects of food intake and dietary glycemic index (GI) on fasting plasma levels of glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA R) and impaired glucose disturbance - IGD (impaired fasting glucose - IFG, impaired glucose tolerance - IGT and diabetes mellitus type 2). Subjects and methods. 1,054 Japanese-Brazilians living in Bauru, of both genders, 30 to 90 years-old, first- and second-generation, who completed all the information for the cross-sectional survey in 2000, without previous diagnosis of IGD and/or use of oral hipoglycemic medication/insulin. Food consumption was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, with the aid of the software Dietsys 4.0. All dietary factors were log-transformed and adjusted for total energy intake by residual method. The dependent variables were first selected using Pearson correlation with fasting plasma levels of glucose and insulin or HOMA R (continuous independent variables), with p<0.20. The associations between selected nutrients/foods and the continuous independent variables were assessed using multiple linear regression models. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between dietary factors (tercile) and IGD, while adjusting for confounding factors. Results. After multiple adjustments, intakes of whole dairy products and sweets (g/day) and dietary GI were inversely correlated with fasting glucose levels (mg/dl). Dietary GI was also inversely correlated with HOMA R. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for IFG was 1.70 (1.06 - 2.74) in the highest tercile of total dietary fiber (main food sources: white rice and bread, fruits/fruit juices). The second tercile of vegetable intake was associated with a risk reduction of IGT [0.61 (0.38 - 0.98)]. Conclusion. In our study population, the intake of total dietary fiber, largely attributable to high intakes of white rice, white bread, fruits/fruit juices, was positively associated with risk of IGD. On the other hand, a protective effect was observed for higher intake levels of vegetables

Objetivos. Investigar a associação entre consumo alimentar, índice glicêmico (IG) da dieta habitual com glicemia e insulinemia de jejum, resistência à insulina (HOMA R) e alteração da homeostase glicêmica (AHG: glicemia de jejum alterada - GJA, tolerância à glicose diminuída - TGD e diabetes mellitus tipo 2). Indivíduos e métodos. 1.054 nipo-brasileiros residentes em Bauru, ambos os sexos, 30 a 90 anos, primeira e segunda gerações, que participaram de inquérito transversal conduzido em 2000, sem diagnóstico prévio de AHG e/ou uso de hipoglicemiantes orais/insulina. Para avaliação da dieta habitual, utilizou-se questionário quantitativo de freqüência alimentar, previamente validado, com o auxílio do programa Dietsys versão 4.0. Os fatores dietéticos foram ajustados pelas calorias totais pelo método residual, após transformação logarítmica. As variáveis independentes foram inicialmente selecionadas segundo correlação de Pearson com glicemia e insulinemia de jejum ou HOMA R (variáveis dependentes contínuas) com valor de p<0,20. A associação entre nutrientes/ alimentos com as variáveis dependentes contínuas foi avaliada em modelos de regressão linear múltiplos. Modelos de regressão logística múltiplos foram utilizados para investigar a relação entre fatores dietéticos (tercis) com AHG, ajustados por fatores de confusão. Resultados. Após ajuste múltiplo, houve associações inversas entre o consumo dos grupos de laticínios integrais (g/dia), doces (g/dia), IG da dieta e glicemia de jejum (mg/dl). Relação inversa entre o consumo de IG da dieta e HOMA R também foi observada. Verificou-se razão de chances - RC (IC 95%) - para GJA de 1,70 (1,06 - 2,74) no último tercil de consumo de fibras totais em que as principais fontes alimentares foram o arroz polido, pão branco e frutas/sucos de frutas. Efeito protetor entre o tercil intermediário do consumo de vegetais [0,61 (0,38 - 0,98)] foi observado para TGD. Conclusão. Em nossa população de estudo, a fibra dietética proveniente do consumo excessivo de arroz polido, pão branco, frutas e sucos representou risco para AHG. Por outro lado, observou-se efeito protetor do maior consumo de vegetais para TGD. / Objective. To investigate the effects of food intake and dietary glycemic index (GI) on fasting plasma levels of glucose and insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA R) and impaired glucose disturbance - IGD (impaired fasting glucose - IFG, impaired glucose tolerance - IGT and diabetes mellitus type 2). Subjects and methods. 1,054 Japanese-Brazilians living in Bauru, of both genders, 30 to 90 years-old, first- and second-generation, who completed all the information for the cross-sectional survey in 2000, without previous diagnosis of IGD and/or use of oral hipoglycemic medication/insulin. Food consumption was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, with the aid of the software Dietsys 4.0. All dietary factors were log-transformed and adjusted for total energy intake by residual method. The dependent variables were first selected using Pearson correlation with fasting plasma levels of glucose and insulin or HOMA R (continuous independent variables), with p<0.20. The associations between selected nutrients/foods and the continuous independent variables were assessed using multiple linear regression models. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between dietary factors (tercile) and IGD, while adjusting for confounding factors. Results. After multiple adjustments, intakes of whole dairy products and sweets (g/day) and dietary GI were inversely correlated with fasting glucose levels (mg/dl). Dietary GI was also inversely correlated with HOMA R. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for IFG was 1.70 (1.06 - 2.74) in the highest tercile of total dietary fiber (main food sources: white rice and bread, fruits/fruit juices). The second tercile of vegetable intake was associated with a risk reduction of IGT [0.61 (0.38 - 0.98)]. Conclusion. In our study population, the intake of total dietary fiber, largely attributable to high intakes of white rice, white bread, fruits/fruit juices, was positively associated with risk of IGD. On the other hand, a protective effect was observed for higher intake levels of vegetables