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From the alignment of magnets to the melting of ice, the transition between different phases of matter underpins our exploitation of materials. Both a quantum and a classical phase can undergo an instability into another state. In this thesis, we study the stability of matter in both contexts: topological states and crystalline solids. We start with the stability of fractional quantum Hall states on a lattice, known as fractional Chern insulators. We investigate, using exact diagonalization, fractional Chern insulators in higher Chern bands of the Harper-Hofstadter model, and examine the robustness of their many-body energy gap in the effective continuum limit. We report evidence of stable states in this regime; comment on two cases associated with a bosonic integer quantum Hall effect; and find a modulation of the correlation function in higher Chern bands. We next examine the stability of molecules using variational and diffusion Monte Carlo. By incorporating the matrix of force constants directly into the algorithms, we find that we are able to improve the efficiency and accuracy of atomic relaxation and eigenfrequency calculation. We test the performance on a diverse selection of case studies, with varying symmetries and mass distributions, and show that the proposed formalism outperforms existing restricted Hartree-Fock and density functional theory methods. Finally, we analyze the stability of three-dimensional crystals. We note that for repulsive Coulomb crystals of point nuclei, cubic systems have a zero matrix of force constants at second order. We investigate this by constructing an analytical model in the tight-binding approximation, and present a phase diagram of the most stable crystal structures, as we tune core and valence orbital radii. We reconcile our results with calculations in the nearly free electron regime, as well as current research in condensed matter and plasma physics.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 120 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-120).

Heterogeneous ferromagnetic-superconducting systems such as a regular array of ferromagnetic nano dots deposited on the top of a superconducting thin film have attracted many research teams both experimental and theoretical. The interest in these systems does not only stem from being good candidates for technological applications, but also because they represent a new class of physical systems where two competing order parameters can coexist. This work focuses on the theoretica laspects of these systems by studying the static and dynamics of few model systems. In the first part, the static properties of a superconducting thin film interacting with a ferromagnetic texture are considered within the London approximation. In particular, the ferromagnetic textures considered here are a circular dot of submicrometer size with in-plane magnetization, an elliptical dot magnetized in the direction perpendicular to the superconductor, and a ferromagnetic dot magnetized in the direction normal to the superconducting film and containing non magnetic cavities. I also consider the interaction of vortices in the superconductor with a ferromagnetic columnar defect which penetrates the supercondcting film. In each case the vector potential and magnetic field of the ferromagnet in the presence of the superconductor are calculated. Afterward the presence of vortices in the superconductor is assumed and the energy of vortex-texture system is found. The pinning potential and force supplied by the texture are then derived from the energy of interaction between the ferromagnet and superconductor. I show that if the magnetization of the ferromagnet exceeds a critical value then vortices are spontaneously created in the ground state of the system. Such spontaneous creation of vortices is possible mostly in a close vicinity of the superconducting transition temperature Ts. For every case, the threshold value of the magnetization at which vortices start to be spontaneously created in the SC is calculated as a function of the parameters of the texture geometry. The phase diagrams for transitions from vortexless regime to regimes with one or more vortices are determined for all cases. In the second problem, the transport properties of a ferromagnetic superconducting bilayer with alternating magnetization and vortex density are studied within a phenomenological model. I show that pinning forces do not appear for continuous distribution of vortices, so a discrete model for the bilayer system is constructed. Afterward, I calculate the pinning forces acting on vortices and antivortices resulting from highly inhomogeneous distribution of flux lines and prove that this system has strong transport anisotropy. In the absence of random pinning, the system displays a finite resistance for the current in the direction perpendicular to the domains while its resistance vanishes for the parallel current. The transport anisotropy strongly depends on temperature. I study this dependence and show that the ratio of parallel to perpendicular critical current is largest close to the superconducting transition temperature Ts and the vortex disappearance temperature Tv while it has a minimum in between them.

The first and main part of this thesis concerns the quantization of the transverse transport in diverse periodic quantum systems. From a theoretical point of view, the Hall conductivity's quantization may be understood at the single-particle level in terms of topological invariants. In periodic media such as crystals, the single-particle energy spectrum depicts a specific band structure. A modern approach, based on topology and differential geometry, consists in assigning an abstract mathematical object, a fibre bundle, to each energy band. The fibre bundle's topology is measured by a topological invariant, called the Chern number, which only takes integral values. Surprisingly, the transverse conductivity can be expressed as a sum of Chern numbers. In this work, one provides a rigorous derivation of this fact and one presents several methods which allow the numerical and analytical computation of the Chern numbers for diverse systems. The first original study concerns the physics of ultracold atoms trapped in optical lattices. These very popular experimental setups, which are currently designed in several laboratories worldwide, allow for the exploration of fundamental problems encountered in modern physics. In particular atoms trapped in optical lattices reproduce with a very high accuracy the physics of the Hubbard-type models which describe a huge variety of condensed matter phenomena, such as high-Tc superconductivity and the Mott quantum phase transition. Particularly interesting is the possibility to create artificial magnetic fields in optical lattices. Generated by complex laser configurations or by rotation of the trap, these artificial fields allow the simulation of electronic systems subjected to intense magnetic fields. In this thesis, one explores the possibility of a quantum Hall-like effect for neutral particles in such arrangements. In particular one focuses on the exotic situation in which non-Abelian gauge potentials are generated in the system. In these interesting arrangements, the atomic hoppings are assisted by external lasers and are described by non-commutating translation operators. The non-Abelian fields which are generated in these systems are well known in high-energy physics, where they play a key role in modern theories of fundamental interactions. Thereafter, our study of the IQHE in periodic systems concerns quantum graphs. These models which describe the propagation of a quantum wave within an arbitrary complex object are extremely versatile and hence allow the study of various interesting quantum phenomena. Quantum graphs appear in diverse fields such as solid state physics, quantum chemistry, quantum chaology and wave physics. On the other hand, in the context of quantum chaology, graphs have been the vehicle to confirm important conjectures about chaos signatures. In this thesis, one studies the spectral and chaological properties of infinite rectangular quantum graphs in the presence of a magnetic field. One then establishes the quantization of the Hall transverse conductivity for these systems. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the physics of interacting atoms trapped in optical lattices and subjected to artificial gauge potentials. One explores the Mott quantum phase transition in both bosonic and fermionic optical lattices subjected to such fields. The optical lattices are described through the Hubbard model in which the dynamics is ruled by two competing parameters: the interaction strength U and the tunneling amplitude t. The Mott phase is characterized by a commensurate filling of the lattice and is reached by increasing the ration U/t, which can be easily achieved experimentally by varying the depth of the optical potential. In this thesis one studies how this quantum phase transition is modified when the optical lattice is subjected to diverse artificial gauge potentials. Moreover, one shows that vortices are created in bosonic optical lattices in the vicinity of the Mott regime. The vortices are topological defects in the macroscopic wave function that describes the superfluid. One comments on the vortex patterns that are observed for several configurations of the gauge potential. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% La physique statistique quantique prédit l’émergence de propriétés remarquables lorsque la matière est soumise à des conditions extrêmes de basses températures. Aujourd’hui ces nouvelles phases de la matière jouent un rôle fondamental pour les technologies actuelles et ainsi méritent d’être étudiées sur le plan théorique. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’ai étudié l’effet Hall quantique qui se manifeste dans des systèmes bidimensionnels ultra froids et soumis à des champs magnétiques intenses. Cet effet remarquable se manifeste par la quantification parfaite d’un coefficient de transport appelé conductivité de Hall. Cette grandeur physique évolue alors sur divers plateaux qui correspondent à des valeurs entières d’une constante fondamentale de la nature. D’un point de vue théorique, cette quantification peut être approchée par la théorie des espaces fibrés qui permet d’exprimer la conductivité de Hall en termes d’invariants topologiques. Nous explorons l'effet Hall quantique pour différents systèmes en nous appuyant sur l’interprétation topologique de la quantification de la conductivité de Hall. Nous démontrons ainsi que l’effet Hall quantique se manifeste aussi bien dans les métaux que dans les graphes quantiques et les réseaux optiques. Les graphes quantiques sont des modèles permettant l’étude du transport dans des circuits fins, alors que les réseaux optiques sont des dispositifs actuellement réalisés en laboratoire qui piègent des atomes froids de façon périodique. Considérant différents champs magnétiques externes et variant la géométrie des systèmes, nous montrons que cet effet subit des modifications remarquables. Notamment, l’effet Hall quantique est représenté par des diagrammes des phases impressionnants : les multiples phases correspondant à la valeur entière de la conductivité de Hall se répartissent alors dans des structures fractales. De plus, ces diagrammes des phases se révèlent caractéristiques des différents systèmes étudiés. D’autre part, nous étudions la transition quantique de Mott dans les réseaux optiques. En augmentant l’interaction entre les particules, le système devient isolant et se caractérise par le remplissage homogène du réseau. Nous étudions également l’apparition de tourbillons quantiques lorsque le système est soumis à un champ magnétique au voisinage de la phase isolante.

No description available.

We mainly studied the characterization of GaN/AlGaN heterostructures which were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. For reduced lattice mismatch, we inserted AlN as buffer layer. We varied the parameters of buffer layer, such as the ratio of nitrogen and aluminum and the thickness. By the analysis of X-ray diffraction, we could determine the state of mismatch. For the thickness of buffer layer, lattice mismatch is most serious at 20 minute growth. Under the observation of field emission scan electron microscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction, we found N/Al=40 is N-face and N/Al=26 is Ga-face. For the thickness of buffer layer, the samples of 1-minute and 5-minute growth had the optimal Ga-face. For the investigation of photoluminescence, we could obtain the energy gap of AlGaN is 3.42ev. Furthermore, the doping silicon was used to vary carrier concentration, and we could show that a good Hall mobility was achieved at the doping temperature 1250¢J. We also could show good Hall mobility at 1 minute growth and 5 minute growth (N/Al=26). We tried to find the best parameters for the growth of GaN/AlGaN heterostructures.