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Harmonic impedance characterizes the voltage response of a power system when it is subjected to the influence of high-frequency currents. The impedance is a key parameter of a power network and must be known to diagnose power system problems caused by high-frequency disturbances and to design disturbance-mitigation measures. Unfortunately, determining an operating power systems harmonic impedances is very difficult; they must be measured when the system is energized. In fact, how to measure a power systems high-frequency impedances has been a challenging and frequent research topic in the power engineering field. This thesis presents a measurement methodology that can determine the harmonic impedances and sources at both sides of utility-customer interface. This methodology is applicable to single-phase three-wire systems under energized conditions. A potential application of the method is to determine the harmonic contributions of the supply system and its customers at the interface points. / Power Engineering and Power Electronics

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Esta tese consiste em apresentar um método para localização e identificação de consumidores com alta contribuição para a distorção harmônica de tensão medida em subestações de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. Cabe comentar que a etapa de localização visa obter uma lista das possíveis posições onde possa estar alocado o consumidor que possua cargas não lineares com grande consumo de potências harmônicas. Partindo-se desta lista, realiza-se a etapa de identificação, em que são estimadas as amplitudes de cada harmônica na posição selecionada. Por fim, um algoritmo para ajuste/sintonia do método de localização é empregado com o intuito de se realizar uma possível correção com relação à posição do consumidor. Desta forma, por meio de estudos de caso (simulados), os resultados obtidos procuram validar a metodologia proposta. / This thesis provides a method for location and identification of consumers with larger contribution to harmonic distortion of voltage in power distribution substations. It is worth to mention that the stage of consumers location must furnish a list of possible positions where there may be consumers, who have nonlinear loads with high consumption of harmonic power. From this list, the identification stage is performed in order to estimate the amplitude of each harmonic from the location selected. Finally, a method for improve the location algorithm is employed in order to refine the consumer position. Therefore, by means of simulated case studies, the results obtained for these stages seek to validate the methodology proposed.

Esta tese consiste em apresentar um método para localização e identificação de consumidores com alta contribuição para a distorção harmônica de tensão medida em subestações de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. Cabe comentar que a etapa de localização visa obter uma lista das possíveis posições onde possa estar alocado o consumidor que possua cargas não lineares com grande consumo de potências harmônicas. Partindo-se desta lista, realiza-se a etapa de identificação, em que são estimadas as amplitudes de cada harmônica na posição selecionada. Por fim, um algoritmo para ajuste/sintonia do método de localização é empregado com o intuito de se realizar uma possível correção com relação à posição do consumidor. Desta forma, por meio de estudos de caso (simulados), os resultados obtidos procuram validar a metodologia proposta. / This thesis provides a method for location and identification of consumers with larger contribution to harmonic distortion of voltage in power distribution substations. It is worth to mention that the stage of consumers location must furnish a list of possible positions where there may be consumers, who have nonlinear loads with high consumption of harmonic power. From this list, the identification stage is performed in order to estimate the amplitude of each harmonic from the location selected. Finally, a method for improve the location algorithm is employed in order to refine the consumer position. Therefore, by means of simulated case studies, the results obtained for these stages seek to validate the methodology proposed.

The portion of energy converted by non-linear loads in the modern power system is increasing due to the energy-efficiency and sophistication possible with power electronics. Higher voltage and energy ratings are continuously forthcoming. These devices draw non-linear currents resulting in voltage waveform distortion at the Point of Common Coupling due to non-zero supply impedances between voltage source and the PCC. With the increase in waveform distortion comes the demand for better Quality of Supply management. The verification and quantification of the origin of waveform distortion in a power system is a continuous field of study and forms a critical part of the mitigation design. Methods utilizing single-point measurements, usually taken at the Point of Common Coupling, for the assessment of the harmonic distortion generated by loads are continuously being published. It’s been proven by means of computer simulations and laboratory experiments that in an interconnected network where multiple sources of distortion exist that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power between each other. This project investigates the latter statement by conducting practical experiments to conclude that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power and that multiple synchronized measurements should be taken to assess the harmonic distortion due to a load. Laboratory experiments are carried utilizing an acknowledged single point measurement method. The results are compared to the direction of harmonic active power obtained from utilizing multiple synchronized measurements. To further the information obtained from the laboratory experiments, practical experiments were conducted utilizing the same methods. The results obtained coincided with the results of previously conducted experiments of which the results were published. From the results obtained it was concluded that in an interconnected network where multiple sources of distortion exist that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power between each other. Furthermore it was proven that the single point measurement method investigated presented inconsistent results. Ultimately it was concluded that the reason for the inconsistency was due to the fact that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power and that the single point measurement failed to acknowledge this. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Este trabalho consiste em apresentar um método alternativo para a identificação de fontes de correntes harmônicas comumente encontradas em sistemas elétricos residenciais. Desta identificação, soluções viáveis poderão ser aplicadas com o intuito de mitigar os níveis de emissão das correntes harmônicas geradas, principalmente, por cargas com características não lineares. Para a identificação empregou-se redes neurais artificiais (RNAs), sendo esta técnica inteligente, apresentada como uma alternativa aos métodos convencionais. Os resultados reportados neste contexto procuram validar a proposta apresentada com dados experimentais obtidos em ensaios laboratoriais. / This work presents an alternative method for the identification of current harmonic sources commonly encountered in residential electrical systems. For this purpose, feasible solutions can be applied to minimize the levels of harmonic currents emission caused by nonlinear loads. Artificial neural networks are employed as alternative to conventional methods. The experimental results will be reported in order to validate the proposal presented with the experimental data obtained in laboratory.

Este trabalho consiste em apresentar um método alternativo para a identificação de fontes de correntes harmônicas comumente encontradas em sistemas elétricos residenciais. Desta identificação, soluções viáveis poderão ser aplicadas com o intuito de mitigar os níveis de emissão das correntes harmônicas geradas, principalmente, por cargas com características não lineares. Para a identificação empregou-se redes neurais artificiais (RNAs), sendo esta técnica inteligente, apresentada como uma alternativa aos métodos convencionais. Os resultados reportados neste contexto procuram validar a proposta apresentada com dados experimentais obtidos em ensaios laboratoriais. / This work presents an alternative method for the identification of current harmonic sources commonly encountered in residential electrical systems. For this purpose, feasible solutions can be applied to minimize the levels of harmonic currents emission caused by nonlinear loads. Artificial neural networks are employed as alternative to conventional methods. The experimental results will be reported in order to validate the proposal presented with the experimental data obtained in laboratory.

The portion of energy converted by non-linear loads in the modern power system is increasing due to the energy-efficiency and sophistication possible with power electronics. Higher voltage and energy ratings are continuously forthcoming. These devices draw non-linear currents resulting in voltage waveform distortion at the Point of Common Coupling due to non-zero supply impedances between voltage source and the PCC. With the increase in waveform distortion comes the demand for better Quality of Supply management. The verification and quantification of the origin of waveform distortion in a power system is a continuous field of study and forms a critical part of the mitigation design. Methods utilizing single-point measurements, usually taken at the Point of Common Coupling, for the assessment of the harmonic distortion generated by loads are continuously being published. It’s been proven by means of computer simulations and laboratory experiments that in an interconnected network where multiple sources of distortion exist that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power between each other. This project investigates the latter statement by conducting practical experiments to conclude that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power and that multiple synchronized measurements should be taken to assess the harmonic distortion due to a load. Laboratory experiments are carried utilizing an acknowledged single point measurement method. The results are compared to the direction of harmonic active power obtained from utilizing multiple synchronized measurements. To further the information obtained from the laboratory experiments, practical experiments were conducted utilizing the same methods. The results obtained coincided with the results of previously conducted experiments of which the results were published. From the results obtained it was concluded that in an interconnected network where multiple sources of distortion exist that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power between each other. Furthermore it was proven that the single point measurement method investigated presented inconsistent results. Ultimately it was concluded that the reason for the inconsistency was due to the fact that loads have the ability to exchange harmonic active power and that the single point measurement failed to acknowledge this. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

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