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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Octave Gréard, réformateur de l’enseignement primaire de Second Empire à la Belle Époque / Octave Gréard, a reformer of French primary education : from the Second Empire to the “Belle Epoque”

Dauphin, Stéphanie 30 March 2012 (has links)
Gréard a rempli de nombreuses fonctions : inspecteur d’académie à Paris en 1864, inspecteur chargé du service de l’instruction primaire à Paris en 1866, directeur de l’enseignement primaire de la Seine en 1870, inspecteur général de l’Instruction publique en 1871, directeur de l’enseignement primaire au ministère de l’Instruction publique en 1872. Le 11 octobre 1873, victime d’une campagne de calomnie, il quitte le ministère. Jusqu’en 1879, Gréard est considéré comme le principal artisan de la nouvelle organisation pédagogique de l’enseignement primaire. Son plan d’éducation repose sur le mode simultané. En voici les principales caractéristiques : organisation de cours gradués, partage des élèves suivant leur niveau, régulation de l’enseignement, fixation des programmes, établissement de l’examen du certificat d’études. Homme de terrain, il visite les écoles, enquête, mesure les difficultés. Avec l’appui de Jules Simon, Gréard ouvre deux écoles normales primaires laïques, l’une d’instituteurs en octobre1872, l’autre pour les institutrices en janvier 1873. Elles vont diffuser la méthode intuitive. Gréard bénéficie d’importants moyens financiers et entreprend un chantier considérable de constructions d’écoles. Pour la première fois, une école d’apprentis voit le jour dans la capitale. D’autres initiatives suivent : création d’écoles primaires supérieures à Paris, extension de l’enseignement professionnel et des cours d’adultes. Intellectuel, écrivain, académicien, vice-recteur en 1879, Gréard exerce ses talents de pédagogue comme membre du Conseil supérieur de l’Instruction publique, de la section permanente et participe à de nombreuses commissions. En 1882, sa réforme prend une dimension nationale. Les instituteurs s’y associent lors des congrès pédagogiques. Conseiller des ministres, il accompagne pendant vingt-trois ans la politique scolaire de la Troisième République. Dans la prestigieuse académie de Paris (9 départements), son action a été entourée d’un respect unanime. En 1902, les principales réformes sont achevées et mises en œuvre. / Gréard held numerous positions. He was an academic inspector for the Paris school district in 1864, an inspector in charge of primary instruction in the same school district in 1866, the Director of Primary Education for the Departement of the Seine in 1870, the Inspector General of Public Instruction in 1871, and the Director of Primary Education at the Ministry of Public Education in 1872. On October 11, 1873, Gréard left the ministry following a campaign of slander that tarnished his reputation. Nevertheless, as of 1879, Gréard was considered to be the main architect of the new pedagogical organization of primary education. His education plan was based on what was known as the simultaneous mode. Its main characteristics were the organization of grade-level instruction, the grouping of students according to their level, the monitoring of classroom teaching, the setting up of standard curricula, and the creation of the exam for what became known as the “certificate of studies.” As a practically-minded man, Gréard visited schools, conducted studies, and sought to measure difficulties experienced by teachers. With the support of Jules Simon, Gréard opened two secular normal schools: one for male primary schoolteachers in October 1872, and the other for female primary schoolteachers in January 1873. These normal schools disseminated the intuitive method. Gréard had significant financial backing and oversaw the construction of a number of schools. For the first time, a school designed especially for apprentices was built in the capital. Other initiatives followed, including the creation of upper primary schools in Paris as well as the development of vocational and adult education. Intellectually sophisticated, a writer, an academic, and university vice-rector in 1879, Gréard used his pedagogical talents as a member of the High Council of Public Instruction and when participating in numerous committees. In 1882, his reform took on a national dimension, and schoolteachers began affiliating themselves with it at teachers' conventions. As an advisor to ministers, he played an important role in defining the educational policies under the Third Republic for twenty-three years. In the prestigious Academy of Paris (made up of nine departments), his contributions to education were unanimously respected. In 1902, the major reforms were completed and implemented.

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