Headache is a common complaint in society and is related to personal, biomechanical and socioeconomic circumstances. In current literature trigger-points (TrPs) in the majority of the muscles of the face and neck contributing to tension-type headache (TTH) have been evaluated, except the TrPs of the masseter muscles. The aim of this studyis to determine the association between myofascial (TrPs) in the masseter muscle group and episodic tension-type headache (ETTH). Fourteen subjects with ETTH were matched with same sex and same age subjects not suffering from headache acting as the control group. The diagnostic criteria as described by Simons and Travel (1999) were used in the objective tests to diagnose the TrPs in the masseter muscles. Subjective tests included a disability questionnaire, National stress awareness day stress questionnaire, (NSAD stress questionnaire), a precipitating and aggravating factors questionnaire. Active TrPs were found in 92.86% of ETTH group and 7.14% had latent TrPs. Within the control group 7.14% had active TrPs, 14.29% latent TrPs and 78.37% had no TrPs.Differences in the presence of masseter TrPs between the ETTH and control group were significant with p-value <0.001. All the questions asked in the headache disability questionnaire evaluating headache frequency, intensity and severity were significantwith p-value<0.005. The NSAD stress questionnaire revealed statistical significant values for questions pertaining to muscular aches and pains and subjectively subjects claimed that theyfelt tension at work. The precipitating questionnaire showed that physical activity, stress / tension and reading were significant precipitating factors for developing a tension-type headache. The aggravating questionnaire only showed light as an aggravating factor. Stress and tension had 100% “yes”answers in the ETTH group.Weather as an aggravating factor had 100% “no” answersfrom the control group.Physical activity, driving and noise had relative high percentages of “yes”answers from the ETTH group and higher probability scores for being an aggravating factor whencomparing the ETTH and control group, but were not found to be statistically significant. Myofascial TrPs in the masseter muscle group contribute to the origin and or maintenance of ETTH.

Submitted in partial compliance for a Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Introduction There is a worldwide need for research into headaches in order to improve and add to the current model of literature to develop more efficient management strategies for headaches. Headaches can present clinically similarly and present a diagnostic challenge. Currently it is not known what the clinical accuracy of headache diagnosis is or which management strategies chiropractors prefer to use in practice to manage certain headaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnosis of certain headaches by chiropractors in the greater Durban area and to determine how certain headaches commonly treated by chiropractors were managed. Methodology Based on the quantitative paradigm, this is a descriptive questionnaire based study involving a population of 88 chiropractors practicing in the greater Durban area. The final sample size was 63, a response rate of 72%. The questionnaire was developed specifically for this study and was validated by an expert group and tested by a pilot study to ensure construct and face validity. Data regarding demographic information, diagnostic approach to cervicogenic headache (CEH), intracranial haemorrhage, meningitis, migraine (MEH) and tension type headache (TTH) and management of CEH, TTH and MEH was collected from the sample. SPSS version 22 was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics were reported in frequency tables. Continuous variables were compared between independent categories using one way ANOVA tests. Trends were shown in cross tabulations and interpreted descriptively where Chi square tests could not be calculated. Results The sample size consisted of 63 chiropractors in the greater Durban area, South-Africa, of which 49.2% (31) were male and 50.8% (32) were female. The mean age was 37 years (range 25 to 71 years). The majority of the sample had between six- to nine years of practice experience, with the majority being in full time practice (82.5% (52)). The majority (92.1% (58)) of the sample had graduated from DUT. Seventeen point five percent (11) of the sample had additional tertiary qualifications, the most common of which was a Master’s degree of Medical Sciences (Sports Medicine), with a total of 19 additional short courses being reported by 79.4% (50) of the sample. Seventy five point one percent (41) of the sample indicated usage of chiropractic specific journals, with 38.1% (24) of the sample indicating that these journals had an impact on the way they manage headaches in practice. Seventy seven point eight percent (49) of the sample attended health related conferences on a regular basis, with 38.1% (24) of the sample indicating that these conferences influenced their management of headaches in practice. Seventeen point five percent (11) of the sample had practiced internationally, with a range of international practice from one month to 12 years. The majority of the sample indicated that they practiced according to a combination of mixer and evidence based philosophy. The accuracy of diagnostic outcome for meningitis was 98.4% (62), TTH was 47.6% (30), MEH was 82.5% (52), CEH was 82.5% (52) and intracranial haemorrhage was 30.2% (19). The results for the management of CEH, TTH and MEH indicated that a minimum of 98.6% (62) would adjust a patient with these headaches; the sample predominantly preferred application of specific adjustments to fixated segments in the cervical and thoracic spine. A minimum of 66.7% (42) regarded spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) as the primary focus of treatment across all three headaches. The most commonly selected modality to be used in conjunction with SMT was massage therapy (with a minimum selection frequency of 68.3% (43) across CEH, MEH and TTH). Massage therapy was the most commonly selected modality to be used when SMT is contra-indicated (minimum selection frequency of 61.9% (40) across CEH, MEH and TTH). A minimum of 98.4% (62) of the sample indicated that they would treat MFPTs if associated with headaches, most commonly using dry needling. For the majority of the sample, the interval of choice for a second appointment was two to three days and the number of treatments expected for relief of symptoms was two to three treatments. Further investigations were considered necessary by the majority of the sample after seven days without any relief of symptoms. The majority of the sample recommended pain free care. Regarding patient advice and education, there was agreement on postural and ergonomic advice, home stretching, stress management techniques and proprioceptive exercises. If treatment goals were not obtained, the majority of the sample agreed to change the treatment plan, reassess all of the previous findings and if necessary refer the patient to another non-chiropractic health care provider. Conclusion Based on the case scenarios used in this study, meningitis, CEH and MEH were accurately diagnosed by the majority of the sample. There appeared to be some confusion with regard to the diagnosis of TTH as nearly half of the sample confused it for CEH. The accuracy with regard to the diagnosis of intracranial haemorrhage was concerning as the minority of the sample correctly diagnosed this condition. A relatively similar approach was used by chiropractors to treat headaches, with relatively little change in the treatment options between CEH, TTH and MEH. Most of the treatment methods, used by most of the sample, have moderate evidence for efficacy in treatment of musculoskeletal conditions. The management options chosen by the majority of the sample could be of potential benefit for the management of the respective headaches. Few differences were noted with regard to the impact of demographic information on the diagnostic outcome and management approaches. Some, but not enough, evidence indicates that the older participants provided less accurate diagnoses. The headaches which were less accurately diagnosed possibly due to an age difference were meningitis, TTH and MEH. With regard to management of headaches the only statistically significant differences were noted for the management of TTH for which age appeared to influence the specificity of adjustments used in TTH. / M