Given the growth of households headed by women, one of the biggest social concerns is the high poverty level within these households. Studies have shown that individuals living in female-headed households are more likely to be in poverty than those in other types of households due to women's disadvantaged position in the labor market. However, the disadvantage of women in the labor market does not necessarily lead to poverty within households headed by women. The livelihood of female-headed households is determined by contextual factors as well as the labor market condition, because the labor market, family and welfare policies all contribute to family well-being within a particular national context. Using both quantitative and qualitative method, I examine various components that are associated with social and family life of Mexican female heads and single mothers: living arrangements, household practices, the labor market, and welfare policy. Interview data with Mexican single mothers provide this research with basic research questions as well as evidences supporting the findings of quantitative analyses about the association between poverty and those women. Quantitative data analyses show that kinship network is important resources of welfare of female-headed or single-mother households in Mexico. First, the prevalence of female-headed households in Mexico is associated with gender-specific migration, increased economic opportunities for women, and marriage-market conditions. Second, Mexican female heads have household income relatively higher than or equivalent to that of male heads, and this peculiarity is attributed to the financial support to female-headed households provided by family networks, and to the selection process of single mothers. Third, extended family members residing with mothers affect their time allocation, and the effects vary by the gender of the extended family member and the mothers' marital status. / text

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This study examines how income, household division of power and maternal decision-making ability influence dietary intake and child morbidity. A sample of 154 households with children between one and three years was drawn from six villages in Busia District, western Kenya. Information on household and maternal characteristics, morbidity, dietary intake and anthropometry was gathered between July and November 1988. Household headship was found to have no significant or direct influence on children's nutritional status. Total income was higher in female-headed households. While women in male-headed households had greater financial responsibility for household maintenance, female heads of household assumed more farming responsibilities but had higher remittances from husbands. A measure of maternal differentiation was generated by principal components analysis, constituted mainly by schooling, language ability, nutrition knowledge and information seeking behaviour. Differentiation had a strong impact in lowering morbidity and was a significant predictor of greater dietary diversity and weaning practices that supported better child nutrition and growth.

There is wide acknowledgment in higher education literature of the importance of the academic department in the administrative hierarchy of higher education institutions and of the leadership potential of the departmental chairperson to influence program quality.Two hundred and seventy chairpersons in departments that provide accredited baccalaureate social work programs were surveyed. This study (1) identified the structural characteristics of the institutions and the academic departments that house these accredited programs, and (2) identified demographic characteristics and the role difficulties, motivations, and professional development needs of faculty members serving as chairpersons.Completed two-part self-administered questionnaires were obtained from 158 (61%) practicing chairpersons; 74 (47%) employed in private institutions and 84 (53%) employed in public institutions.Most chairpersons viewed the position as a time-limited, challenging opportunity to influence the overall quality of their departmental programs. Less than a third of the respondents, however plan to seek another consecutive term in the position. Most chairpersons reported finding their work meaningful or rewarding. However, they also judged that position responsibilities were heavily dominated by the necessity to complete mandatory administrative tasks that were irrelevant to effective role performance. Respondents reported experiencing numerous role conflicts associated with excessive or incompatible role responsibilities, personnel conflicts, lack of position authority, and inadequate program resources.The majority of chairpersons viewed the position as one requiring specialized competencies different from those needed by regular faculty members. However, based on self-reports, data showed that most chairpersons learned to complete specific role tasks on their own or via informal means.Findings support the need to: (1) examine the effectiveness of traditional professional development offerings to chairpersons, (2) clarify position responsibilities, (3) strengthen the amount, type and quality of role support provided to chairpersons, and (4) enhance informal, self-directed opportunities for interest faculty members to acquire administrative experience prior to assuming the position. Findings also supported the need for formalized mentorship programs for new chairpersons supplemented by an increased use of collaborative training by experienced chairpersons. / Department of Educational Leadership

The role and responsibilities of the departmental head were identified. Methods whereby these individuals could obtain the required management skills were identified. An indication of the amount of time to be spent on each of these tasks are also given. Suggestions for further research as well as other recommendations are made in the last chapter. Nurses' training, now in its thirtieth year at South- African universities, is of utmost importance for the health of the nation. Their education must therefore be of a high standard. This can only be achieved if capable heads of departments (nursing) are available. / Thesis (MA et Scien (Verpleegkunde))--PU vir CHO, 1987

The role and responsibilities of the departmental head were identified. Methods whereby these individuals could obtain the required management skills were identified. An indication of the amount of time to be spent on each of these tasks are also given. Suggestions for further research as well as other recommendations are made in the last chapter. Nurses' training, now in its thirtieth year at South- African universities, is of utmost importance for the health of the nation. Their education must therefore be of a high standard. This can only be achieved if capable heads of departments (nursing) are available. / Thesis (MA et Scien (Verpleegkunde))--PU vir CHO, 1987

The study had four purposes: to identify and describe key characteristics of administrators of baccalaureate degree programs in social work accredited by the Council on Social Work Education; to determine the position of the administrator of baccalaureate degree programs in social work in the administrative structure; to determine the perceptions of administrators concerning administrative role behavior including a measurement of job satisfaction; and to determine the perceptions of administrators regarding selected administrative problems.Questionnaires were mailed to 184 social work program administrators in March, 1977. One hundred and fifty-one questionnaires were returned, representing 82.0 percent return and 148 were usable resulting in an 80.4 percent net return. Analysis of the data led to the following findings and conclusions:The mean age of all respondents was 45.2 years of age. Fifty-nine percent of the social work program administrators were male having a mean age of 41.2 years and 41 percent were female having a mean age of 48.3 years. Thirty-four percent of the social work program administrators held a doctorate and 66 percent had a master's degree as the highest earned degree. The majority, 37.2 percent, of social work program administrators were in the $16,000 to $19.999 salary range.The mean number of years of employment for social work program administrators at the present institution was 7.1 years. The mean number of years in the social work program administrator position was 4.5 years. Sixty-five percent of the social work program administrators were tenured.The majority, 64 percent,-of the social work programs were located in public institutions with 32.4 percent located under the administrative auspices of autonomous social work departments. The majority, 40 percent, of social work programs served 100 students or less.Fifty-two percent of the social work program administrators were appointed to the present administrative position from within the social work program. The majority, 71 social work programs reported the master's degree as not considered a terminal degree.The majority of social work program administrators reported the following administrative role behaviors as extremely important: program planning and curricular development, recruiting and selecting faculty, teaching students, advising students on academic matters, and interacting with administration on behalf of the social work program.The majority of social work program administrators were very satisfied with the following: nature off the work, opportunity to innovate, job security, and opportunity to work with students.Male social work program administrators were younger, held higher ranks and held higher degrees than female social work program administrators.

This thesis investigates how female-headed households solve their housing needs. Housing is an important resource for them: first because women spend more time in the house and home conditions are of great concern to them because these determine the time and difficulties in fulfilling their domestic responsibilities and, second, because the home is the site of production and economic activities that help increase women's low incomes. / The study is based on the analysis of different women's lives in three different neighborhoods in Medellin, Colombia. This is a qualitative study aimed at providing insight into household patterns, and determining housing alternatives. / The prevalence of female-headed households varies greatly among countries, particularly in the developing regions, and, in recent years, these have emerged as the subject of social concern. As the availability of data increases it becomes clear that these households are heterogeneous and not a uniform group (as previously assumed) in terms of marital status, life cycles and socioeconomic conditions. For this reason, their heterogeneity needs to be taken into consideration in policy formulation.

Thesis (MPH.--Faculty of Health Sciences)-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (M.A. (Population and Reproductive Health Research))--Mahidol University, 2006. / LICL has E-Thesis 0016 ; please contact computer services.