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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Measuring refractive error in the human eye using a Shack-Hartmann-based autorefractor

Beverage, Jacob Lee January 2003 (has links)
The oldest and most prevalent optical system in the world is the human eye. Variations in the anatomical structure of the eye can cause errors in its optical performance, which in turn lead to errors in the overall performance of the visual system. Fortunately, these refractive errors can be measured and then corrected externally with spectacles, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. This dissertation describes the design, fabrication, and testing of a new autorefractor that can be used to objectively measure human refractive error. The new autorefractor is based on Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing techniques and uses a novel, Fourier transform-based algorithm to estimate refractive error. The Fourier-based data analysis models the wavefront aberration as a combination of defocus and astigmatism only, expresses the simplified wavefront in terms of measurable quantities in Fourier-space, and relates the coefficients describing the wavefront to the patient's refraction. The Shack-Hartmann-based autorefractor (SHAR) is designed to be inexpensive and compact to facilitate its transition to a commercial device. It represents a significant improvement in automated clinical refraction because it can make accurate measurements of a wide range of refractive errors without relying on moving parts or the intensity of light reflected off the retina. To evaluate its performance, the SHAR was compared to the gold-standard among current commercially available autorefractors in a study of human refractive errors. The results from this limited study population suggested that the SHAR has the potential to perform at least as well as the commercial standard autorefractor.
2

Oxygen induced retinopathy in the neonatal rat: the effects of age, strain and therapeutic intervention on retinal structure and function

Dorfman, Allison Lindsay January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
3

Cytokine gene expression and gene therapy in experimental corneal graft rejection

Wang, Wen-Hua, 1965- January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
4

Spatial interval discrimination in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Wittich, Walter January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
5

Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in children with strabismic and with anisometropic amblyopia

Beneish, Raquel Gabriela January 1988 (has links)
No description available.
6

Oxygen induced retinopathy in the neonatal rat: the effects of age, strain and therapeutic intervention on retinal structure and function

Dorfman, Allison Lindsay January 2010 (has links)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding retinal disorder that affects small prematurely born infants which results from the combination of the immature retina and the high level of oxygen (hyperoxia) needed to keep these infants alive. A rat model of oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) was developed to better understand what occurs in premature infants that are exposed to postnatal hyperoxia and previous studies have demonstrated that this model bears a striking resemblance to the human form of ROP, at least in its vascular component. The purpose of this study was to investigate beyond the retinal vasculature in order to better understand the functional [electroretinogram (ERG)] and cytoarchitectural (histology and immunohistochemistry) manifestations of this disease. / While structural and functional consequences of OIR in the albino rat had previously been evaluated in mature rats (at postnatal days 30 and 60, for example), the sequence of events leading up to these changes could only be inferred. Consequently, the purpose of our first study was to further characterize the early manifestations of this disease process, namely: 1- to evaluate changes in retinal vasculature throughout exposure to hyperoxia and, 2- to examine how early after the cessation of oxygen exposure we can demonstrate changes in retinal structure and function. Findings suggest that while the vascular growth process could repair itself while still subjected to a hyperoxic environment (from P0-12 and P0-14, for example), irreversible changes in retinal ultrastructure and function could still be evidenced, and are documented immediately following the cessation of the hyperoxic regimen (Dorfman et al., 2008). / It has been suggested that free radicals may be the source of the pathologic effects described above. Given that trolox C, a water-soluble analogue of vitamin E, was previously shown to limit the vasculopathy component of OIR, the aim of our next study was to determine whether it could prevent the functional and structural consequences of OIR. While trolox C could limit the damage intrinsic to the rat model of OIR, it could not entirely prevent it from occurring. This suggests that either OIR is not solely caused by the action of free radicals or that trolox C is inadequate in treating all aspects of OIR (Dorfman et al., 2006). / We next sought to compare our findings using trolox C with those obtained using the pigmented Long Evans (LE) rat in which melanin is thought to play an antioxidant role. Our results show that melanin did not exert the predicted protective effect on retinal structure and function, where LE rats were affected earlier on and more drastically than albino Sprague Dawley rats following hyperoxic exposure (Dorfman et al., 2009). Specific markers for rod and cone bipolar cells (PKC-α and recoverin, respectively), amacrine cells (parvalbumin) and horizontal cells (calbindin) reveal that OIR is primarily an inner retinal disorder, the earliest consequences of which include cell death in the inner retina (TUNEL staining) and synaptic retraction in the OPL (synaptophysin) (Dorfman et al., in preparation). / Collectively, our results suggest that the rat model of OIR is not only useful for studying retinal vasculature, but can also be used to further elucidate the functional and structural sequelae that likely resemble the human form of ROP. Our ability to demonstrate persistant functional and cytoarchitectural damage despite vascular repair would suggest the importance of examining beyond the fundus in ROP patients, should these features also apply to humans. ROP is one of several types of proliferative retinopathies characterized by retinal ischemia followed by abnormal vessel growth. Studies such as these will undoubtedly be instrumental in a better understanding of these types of retinopathies and in the derivation of new therapeutic avenues aimed at controlling them. / La rétinopathie du prématuré (RDP) est une maladie rétinienne qui potentiellement aboutie à la cécité des enfants de faible poids nés prématurément et qui est causée par la combinaison de l'immaturité de la rétine et du niveau élevé d'oxygène (hyperoxie) essentiel pour garder ces nouveau-nés en vie. Afin de mieux saisir l'effet de l'hyperoxie postnatale chez ces bébés prématurés, un modèle animal de rétinopathie induit par l'oxygène (RIO) a été développé chez le rat et a démontré une forte ressemblance à la forme humaine de la RDP, du moins dans sa composante vasculaire. Notre but était d'examiner au-delà de la vascularisation rétinienne afin de mieux comprendre les manifestations fonctionnelles [électrorétinogramme (ERG)] et cytoarchitecturelles (histologie et immunohistochimie) de cette maladie. / L'évaluation antérieure de la fonction et de la structure rétinienne chez les rats albinos matures (par exemple à 30 et 60 jours postnatals) de la RIO a uniquement permis de déduire la chaîne d'évènements menant à ces changements. Par conséquent, la première étude consistait à caractériser les signes hâtifs de la RIO, pour: 1 - évaluer la vascularisation rétinienne durant l'exposition et, 2 - savoir quand, au plus tôt, après l'exposition les changements de structure et de fonction peuvent être observés. Les résultats suggèrent que la croissance vasculaire pourrait se restaurer durant le stress hyperoxique (expositions de P0-12 et de P0-14, par exemple), malgré la présence des changements irréversibles de l'ultrastructure rétinienne et sa fonction survenant immédiatement après la fin du régime hyperoxique (Dorfman et al., 2008). / Les radicaux libres ont été suggérés d'être à l'origine des effets pathologiques décrits ci-dessus. Étant donné que trolox C, un analogue hydrosoluble de la vitamine E, a été démontré de limiter la composante vasculaire de la RIO, le but de l'étude suivante était de voir s'il pouvait aussi prévenir les séquelles fonctionnelles et structurelles. Nos résultats montrent que trolox C représente une alternative thérapeutique valide limitant les dommages, mais il n'empêche pas la totalité des dégâts rétiniens causés par l'oxygène. Ceci suggère que la RIO n'est pas juste provoquée par l'action des radicaux libres ou que le trolox C est inadéquat pour traiter tous les aspects de la RIO (Dorfman et al., 2006). / Nous avons ensuite comparé nos résultats de trolox C à ceux obtenus avec le rat pigmenté Long Evans (LE) dans lequel la mélanine est présumée de jouer un rôle antioxydant. Nos données montrent que la mélanine n'exerce pas l'effet protecteur prévu sur la structure et la fonction de la RIO, où les rats LE ont été affectés plus tôt et plus gravement que les rats albinos Sprague Dawley suivant l'exposition à l'oxygène (Dorfman et al., 2009). Le marquage spécifique pour les cellules bipolaires de bâtonnet et de cône (PKC-α et recoverin, respectivement), les cellules amacrine (parvalbumine) et les cellules horizontales (calbindine) indiquent que la RIO est une maladie de la rétine interne définie par une mort cellulaire à ce niveau (TUNEL) et par la rétraction synaptique dans la couche plexiforme externe (synaptophsine) (Dorfman et al., manuscrit en préparation). / En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent que le modèle de rat de la RIO est non seulement utile pour étudier la vascularisation rétinienne, mais peut aussi être employé pour élucider les conséquences fonctionnelles et structurelles pouvant ressembler au modèle humain de la RDP. Notre capacité de démontrer les dégâts fonctionnels et cytoarchitecturels persistants en dépit de la réparation vasculaire suggérerait l'importance de l'examen approfondi chez les patients avec la RDP. La RDP est une forme des nombreuses rétinopathies prolifératives. Ces genres d'études seront certainement utiles pour une meilleure caractérisation de ces types de rétinopathies et dans la création de nouvelles méthodes thérapeutiques visant à mieux les contrôler.
7

Cytokine gene expression and gene therapy in experimental corneal graft rejection

Wang, Wen-Hua, 1965- January 2001 (has links)
It has been proposed that CD4+ T cells and cell-mediated immunity play a central role in corneal allograft rejection. Two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 and Th2 cells, are known to cross-regulate each other through their cytokine pattern and the immune response might be directed predominantly in one or the other direction. As such, it has been hypothesized here that predominant Th1 type immune response could lead to corneal allograft rejection, and that previous inflamed corneal beds (high-risk eyes) might augment the Th1 response and thus accelerate the graft rejection. / Reverse transcription of mRNA followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to determine the relative gene expression in ocular tissues (cornea and iris/ciliary body) obtained from syngeneic grafts, low- and high-risk allografts. Compared with the syngeneic grafts, mRNA analysis of the low- and high-risk allografts showed a significantly decreasing expression pattern for the Th3 cytokine TGF-beta2, an early peak followed by a decline in the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 expression, and a progressively increasing expression of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, which paralleled the course of graft rejection. Prevascularization of the recipient eye (high-risk) significantly accelerated the rejection of corneal allografts and the mRNA levels of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in high-risk allografts were significantly higher and peaked faster than that in low-risk allografts. / In vivo gene transfer using plasmid DNA encoding cytokines is an attractive alternative to modulate the Th1 inflammatory reaction and immune response. This has led to the hypothesis that transferring the gene encoding Th2 cytokine IL-10 into the recipient could prevent or reduce the subsequent corneal allograft rejection through the suppression of Th1-mediated alloimmune response. / Intramuscular injection with in vivo electroporation of IL-10 plasmid DNA was administered at one week before and at one week after corneal transplantation. Corneal allograft survival was significantly prolonged and the rejection rate was significantly reduced after gene therapy with IL-10 plasmid DNA, compared with that in control groups treated with the empty plasmid vector. In IL-10 treated rats, the mRNA expression for the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma was depressed, and the IL-10 mRNA expression was significantly increased. However, graft survival was not permanent. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
8

The role of natural image structure in visual detection of photometric changes

Yoonessi, Ali January 2008 (has links)
Traditionally, human visual sensitivity changes in luminance and chromatic contrast, collectively termed photometric changes, have been measured using simple laboratory stimuli such as disks or gratings. The results of experiments using such stimuli have generally been accounted for in terms of relatively low-level mechanisms such as quasi-linear filters in the visual cortex. Therefore, one might not expect the higher-order structure of natural scenes to influence sensitivity to uniform photometric changes. On the other hand, it is believed that the visual system is optimized for analyzing visual information in natural scenes, which leads to the alternative hypothesis that the unique structure of natural scenes will influence sensitivity to photometric changes. We tested between these two hypotheses by comparing sensitivity to uniform photometric changes in natural scenes with sensitivity to uniform photometric changes in the same scenes with the structure removed through phase scrambling. Sensitivity was found to be higher in the natural compared to phase-scrambled scenes. Additional experiments ruled out the possibility that the higher sensitivity in the natural scenes was due to one's familiarity with their colors, or that the lower sensitivity in the phase-scrambled scenes was due to the increase in color variability introduced by phase scrambling. In another series of experiments sensitivity to uniform photometric transformations in both natural and phase-scrambled scene was measured in dichoptic image-pairs that were transformed in equal and opposite directions. The results suggested that the superiority in sensitivity in natural scenes resulted from mechanisms operating at or after the point of binocular combination. Finally we considered whether the superiority in sensitivity in natural compared to phase-scrambled scenes was underpinned by one of the defining characteristics of natural scenes: the presence of uniform areas separated by edges. This require / Le rôle de la structure des images naturelles dans la sensibilité visuelle aux changements photométriques uniformes Chez l'être humain, les changements dans la sensibilité visuelle aux contrastes chromatiques et achromatiques, appelés changements photométriques, sont traditionnellement mesurés à l'aide de stimuli simples tels que des disques ou des réseaux de bars. Les résultats de ces études reposent généralement sur des mécanismes de bas-niveau tels que les filtres quasi-linéaires du cortex visuel, qui prédisent que la structure des scènes naturelles ne devrait pas influencer la sensibilité aux changements photométriques. D'un autre coté a été émise l'hypothèse selon laquelle le système visuel est optimisé pour l'analyse de l'information présente dans les scènes naturelles, ce qui suggère que la structure unique des scènes naturelles pourrait influencer la sensibilité aux changements photométriques. Nous avons donc testé ces deux hypothèses en comparant la sensibilité aux changements photométriques uniformes pour des scènes naturelles dont la structure est soit restée intacte, soit éliminée par l'intermédiaire d'un brouillage de leur information de phase. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que la sensibilité est plus grande pour les scènes naturelles intactes que leurs versions ‘brouillées'. Des expériences complémentaires excluent la possibilité que la sensibilité plus élevée pour les scènes naturelles soit due à une familiarisation à leurs couleurs, ou la possibilité que la sensibilité plus faible pour leurs versions brouillées soit due à l'augmentation de la variabilité chromatique induite par le brouillage de phase. Dans une autre série d'expériences, la sensibilité aux changements photométriques uniformes pour les scènes intactes et brouillées a été mesurée pour des paires d'images présentées dichoptiquement et pour lesquelles les changements photométriques ont été appliqu
9

Evaluation of the mechanism of hypersensitivity to contact lens preseratives

Cai, Feng January 1988 (has links)
No description available.
10

Screening for glaucoma in high risk populations using the Stratus optical coherence tomography

Li, Gisèle January 2010 (has links)
Background: Advanced imaging systems such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) can objectively measure both retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic disc contour. We aim to evaluate the validity of OCT for glaucoma screening in high risk populations. Methods: Three hundred thirty-three volunteer participants with risk factors for glaucoma underwent imaging of the optic nerve and peripapillary nerve fiber layer using the Stratus version of the OCT. Based on an ophthalmologic examination and frequency doubling perimetry, participants were classified into 4 categories: normal, possible glaucoma, probable glaucoma and definitive glaucoma. The sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative likelihood ratios of the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc parameters were calculated. Results: After excluding poor quality scans and missing data, the data of 210 right eyes were analyzed. Six right eyes had definitive glaucoma. Combining the best performing optic nerve head parameters (cup diameter or cup/disk vertical ratio or cup area) and nerve fiber layer parameters (superior average or inferior average or overall average) using AND-logic resulted in a sensitivity of 67% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24%-94%), specificity of 96% (95% CI, 92%-98%), positive likelihood ratio of 17.08 (95% CI, 7.06-41.4) and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.35 (95% CI, 0.11-1.08). Conclusions: When adequate quality scans may be obtained, the Stratus has moderate sensitivity and high specificity for definitive glaucoma. Specificity is increased when parameters from both the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer scans are combined. / Contexte: Des systèmes d'imagerie avancés tel que la tomographie en cohérence optique (OCT) peuvent mesurer objectivement la couche des fibres nerveuses rétiniennes péripapillaires et le contour du nerf optique. Nous voulons déterminer la validité de l' OCT pour le dépistage du glaucome dans les populations à haut risque. Méthodes: Trois cent trent-trois participants volontaires à haut risque pour le glaucome ont subi l'imagerie du nerf optique et de la couche des fibres nerveuses avec la version Stratus de l' OCT. Basé sur un examen ophtalmique et la périmétrie à double fréquence, les participants ont été classifiés en 4 catégories: normal, glaucome possible, glaucome probable et glaucome definitif. Les sensibilités, les spécificités, les rapports de probabilité positive (positive likelihood ratio) et les rapports de probabilité négative (negative likelihood ratio) des paramètres de la couche des fibres nerveuses et du nerf optique ont été calculés. Résultats: Les données de 210 yeux droits ont été analysées après avoir exclu les scans d'une qualité inadéquate. Six yeux droits ont été diagnostiqués avec un glaucome définitif. Lorsqu'on a combiné les paramètres du nerf optique les plus performants (diamètre de l'excavation papillaire ou la proportion verticale excavation/disque ou l'aire de l'excavation) avec les paramètres de la couche des fibres nerveuses (le quadrant supérieur ou le quadrant inférieur ou la moyenne totale) en utilisant la logique ¨ET¨, on a obtenu une sensibilité de 67% (intervalle de confiance de 95% [95% CI], 24%-94%), une spécificité de 96% (95% CI, 92%-98%), un rapport de probabilité positive (positive likelihood ratio) de 17.08 (95% CI, 7.06-41.4) et un rapport de probabilité négative (negative likelihood ratio) de 0.35 (95% CI, 0.11-1.08). Conclusions: Lorsque des scans d'une qualité adéquate peuvent être obtenus, le Stratus a une sensibilité modérée et une spécificité él

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