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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Le dosage radioimmunologique de la vasopressine plasmatique et son application à l'étude de la déshydratation et des cycles nycthéméraux chez l'homme

George, Claude January 1977 (has links)
No description available.
12

The origin of the "Block effect" which blurs images in positron emission tomography /

Tomic, Nada January 2003 (has links)
Commercial positron emission tomography scanners that use block detectors have additional blurring on spatial resolution, referred to as block effect. We studied the origin of the block effect, using experiments in which all other blurring effects were minimized and precisely determined. Bismuth germanate crystals (1 mm width) and a small (1 mm) 68Ge source were used to probe the spatial resolution of a CTI HR+ block detector and two precise translation stages to move detectors. Coincidence aperture functions for crystals in the block and for single crystals were compared. The central crystals in the block showed an additional blurring of 0.8 mm whereas the edge ones showed no additional blurring. The apparent centroids of the crystals in the block are not located at the geometric centers, which gives errors in the reconstruction algorithm assumed uniform sampling. Our results suggest that the additional blurring in scanners with block detectors is not only due to the use of block detectors.
13

Percent depth doses for diagnostic radiology

Bissonnette, Jean-Pierre January 1991 (has links)
A new model is proposed for the calculation of relative depth doses for diagnostic radiology using a direct photon transport/ray tracing technique which incorporates both primary and first scatter dose. The x-ray spectra are generated from computer algorithms based on the Birch and Marshall semi-empirical model; the spectra are established by matching calculated and measured transmission data. The algorithms for the generation of x-ray spectra and for the calculation of depth doses are described. Relative depth doses are determined for a number of radiographic techniques. The calculations are compared with measured and published depth doses; the agreement is very good for tube voltages below 90 kV$ sb{ rm p}$. It is suggested that relative integral doses obtained from relative depth doses give an accurate representation of risk reductions obtained with different radiological techniques. The integral dose reductions predicted by the model are within 8.5% of those from measured data.
14

Interseed and tissue-composition effects in permanent low dose rate brachytherapy

Bertrand, Marie-Joëlle January 2008 (has links)
Permanent Low Dose Rate (LDR) brachytherapy is mostly used for the treatment of prostate cancer and is also used for breast cancer treatment. The dosimetry is made using the TG-43 protocol in which the interseed and the tissue-composition effects are ignored. The interseed effect is the impact of the presence of the seeds on the dosimetry. By ignoring that effect, the Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) is right-shifted and dose analysis parameters such as the D90 are overestimated. The tissue-composition effect is due to the presence of materials different from water around the seeds. In prostate tissue, the DVH is right shifted when this effect is ignored and the dosimetry is made using the TG-43 formalism. In breast tissue the DVH is left shifted when the tissue-composition effect is ignored. The tissue-composition effect is more important in breast tissue than in prostate tissue, so that parameters like the D90 are greatly underestimated by doing the dosimetry for a breast permanent LDR brachytherapy treatment using the TG-43 protocol. / La curiethérapie permanente à faible débit de dose est surtout utilisée pour traiter le cancer de la prostate et est aussi utilisée pour le traitement du cancer du sein. La dosimétrie est faite en utilisant le formalisme du TG-43 dans lequel l'effet intergrain et l'effet de composition sont ignorés. L'effet intergrain est l'impact de la présence des grains sur la dosimétrie. Quand cet effet est ignoré, le DVH (Dose Volume Histogram) est décalé vers la droite et les paramètres dosimétriques comme la D90 sont surestimés. L'effet de composition est dû à la présence de matériel différent de l'eau autour des grains. Dans du tissus prostatique, le DVH est décalé vers la droite quand cet effet est ignoré et que la dosimétrie est faite avec le protocole TG-43. Dans le sein, le DVH est décalé vers la gauche quand l'effet de composition est ignoré. L'effet de composition est plus important pour le sein que pour la prostate. Conséquemment, les paramètres comme la D90 sont grandement sous-estimés en faisant la dosimétrie pour un traitement du sein en curiethérapie permanente à faible débit avec le protocole TG-43.
15

A dosimetric analysis of the varian enhanced dynamic wedge for symmetric and asymmetric configurations

Benson, Richard January 2008 (has links)
Clinical use of shaped mega-voltage photon beams in the treatment of cancer has become an essential component of contemporary treatment with an ever-increasing reliance on plans that include computer controlled temporal and spatial shaping of the beam aperture. One such dynamic technique involves the use of the Enhanced Dynamic Wedge (EDW), which modulates the radiation dose across one axis of a rectangular field via the movement of a collimator jaw under computer control. The majority of clinical applications of this technique employ a field that is either symmetric and centered upon the central axis of the beam or involves a "half-blocked" field extending from the central axis out some distance. However there are many situations in which an off-axis (asymmetric) field would be optimal (e.g. for extremities or plans with multiple planning target volumes are irradiated from a single gantry angle) so it is necessary to understand the effect of moving the center of the EDW shaped field off the axis. In this study we have investigated the variance between the treatment planning system and the dose predicted according to the current clinical model. A procedure has been devised to correct for these variances and bring the predictions into agreement with one another (and with measurements in phantom). / L'usage clinique de rayons de photon de méga-tension formés dans le traitement de cancer est devenu un composant essentiel de traitement contemporain avec une confiance jamais-qui augmente sur les projets qui incluent l'ordinateur moulage contrôlé, temporel et spatial de l'ouverture de rayon. Une telle technique dynamique implique l'usage du Enhanced Dynamic Wedge (EDW), qui module la dose de rayonnement à travers un axe d'un champ rectangulaire via le mouvement d'une mâchoire de collimator sous le contrôle informatique. La majorité d'applications cliniques de cette technique emploie un champ qui est ou symétrique et centré sur l'axe central du rayon ou implique un le champ moitié-bloqué s'étendant de l'axe central hors quelque distance. Cependant il y a beaucoup de situations dans lesquelles un d'-axe (asymétrique) le champ serait optimal (par ex pour les extrémités ou les projets avec les volumes de cible de planification de multiple sont irradié d'un angle de portique seul) si c'est nécessaire de comprendre l'effet de déménagement du centre du champ en forme d'EDW de l'axe. Dans cette étude nous avons examiné la variance entre le traitement planifiant le système et la dose prédite selon le modèle clinique actuel. Une procédure a été conçue pour rectifier ces variances et amène les prédictions dans l'accord avec l'un l'autre (et avec les mesures dans le fantôme). fr
16

ImaSim, a simulation software package for the teaching of medical x-ray imaging

Landry, Guillaume January 2009 (has links)
The goal of this project is to enhance the teaching and the self study of diagnostic and radiotherapy x-ray imaging by creating an interactive educational software package, ImaSim, based on a simulation environment. Various imaging modalities found in a radiology or radiation oncology department have been included. ImaSim aims at faithfully reproducing the physics behind these modalities while keeping the operation simple and straightforward. Photons simulated fall into the energy range encompassing radiology and radiation oncology. The user can interactively vary many parameters related to image formation. ImaSim enables a user to quickly demonstrate and study principles associated with the creation of a radiological image in a classroom or in a self-learning setting. Many imaging phenomena can be studied with the aid of ImaSim. This work, by rendering accurate image creation easily accessible, has the potential to enhance textbook based teaching and heighten student interest in medical photon imaging. / L'objectif de ce projet consiste en l'amélioration de l'enseignement de l'imagerie médicale par la création d'un logiciel interactif, ImaSim, basé sur un environnement de simulation. La plupart des modalités d'imagerie médicale propres à un département de radiologie ou radio oncologie se retrouvent dans ImaSim. ImaSim vise à préserver une utilisation simple tout en modélisant adéquatement les aspects physiques associés aux modalités d'imagerie. Les photons générés tombent dans la gamme d'énergie propre à la radiologie et à la radio oncologie. Plusieurs paramètres liés à la formation d'images peuvent être variés interactivement par l'utilisateur. ImaSim permet donc d'étudier les principes associés à la création d'une image radiologique. Plusieurs phénomènes peuvent êtres étudiés à l'aide d'ImaSim. Ce projet a le potentiel de complémenter l'enseignement traditionnel de l'imagerie médicale.
17

Image-based dose correlation studies on radiation- induced lung injury

Lee, SangKyu January 2011 (has links)
The goal of this work is to develop an accurate and automatic tool to evaluate normal lung tissue response to radiotherapy (RT) and its correlation with local dose. Manifestation of radiation-induced lung disease (RILD)in radiography is a measurable endpoint for RT-induced normal tissue complication. Follow-up CT images from RT-received non-small-cell lung cancer patients were registered to a corresponding planning CT image. Followingimage intensity calibration, the extent of RILD was segmented based on the change in physical density during the follow-up period. Dose coverage to the RILD segmentation and healthy lung was calculated based on retrievedtreatment plans. Normal tissue response in terms of RILD volume and local dose-response showed dependency on patients and follow-up periods. Monte-Carlo dose calculation was found to be important to obtain bettercorrelation. Provided the improved accuracy in CT calibration and image registration, this tool can facilitate further normal tissue toxicity studies. / Le but de ce travail est de développer un outil automatisé de haute précision permettant d'evaluer la réponse de tissus de poumons sains à la radiothérapie (RT), ainsi que leurs corrélation avec la dose locale. Les complications de tissus de poumons sains induites par RT peuvent être mesurées à l'aide des manifestations de maladies pulmonaires induites par radiations (MPIR) en radiographie. Le suivi des images CT par des cellules de poumons cancéreuses provenant de la RT a été enregistré à leur image CT de planication correspondante. à l'aide du suivi de la calibration de l'intensité de l'image, l'etendue des MPIR a été segmentée en se basant sur le changement de densité physique durant la période de suivi. La dose reliée à la segmentation des MPIR et aux tissus de poumons sains a été calculée en se basant sur des planications de traitements établis. La réponse des tissus sains en termes de volume MPIR et la réponse de la dose locale ont démontrées une dépendance signicative par rapport aux patients et aux périodes de suivi. Le calcul de dose par simulations Monte-Carlo sest révélé être important an d'obtenir de meilleures corrélations. En tenant compte de l'amélioration de l'exactitude des calibrations CT et des enregistrements d'image, cet outil peut faciliter le déroulement des futures études de toxicité des tissus sains.
18

The evaluation of SPECTMR registration error from the internal landmark matching technique

Lukban, Andrew F. January 1994 (has links)
In using the internal landmark matching technique for registering brain volumes from single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the resulting errors are different from similar registrations of positron emission tomography (PET) and MR volumes because of the anisotropic nature of SPECT's tomographic resolution. SPECT/MR registration errors are investigated with point simulation to allow a controlled study of the dependence of the translation and rotation errors on different factors. These factors include: the number of point pairs, m, the error in point pair homology (characterised by the FWHM of a 3-D Gaussian error envelope), and the configuration of the point sets (as they depend on their radius from their centroid). The results of this study are used to interpret the results from studies based on a 3-D brain phantom fitted with external fiducials to provide the basis for true registrations. / It is found that the same error distributions may not be expected across ordinates. Based on the imaging capabilities of the sensors used in this study, (a) maximum translation errors or $ pm$2.1 mm in the anterior-posterior orientation are found to be a consequence of SPECT's anisotropic resolution and the brain's major axis in that orientation, and (b) rotation errors of about $ pm$2.1$ sp circ$ in the coronal plane are larger than in the transaxial because of the comparative dimensions in those planes.
19

Comparison of three linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery techniques

Oliveira, Silvana C. January 2003 (has links)
In this thesis, physical and biological aspects of three linear-accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery techniques, namely the dynamic rotation, static conformal beam, and intensity-modulated beam, are compared. Comparisons are carried out using simulated targets which include spheres, hemispheres and a C-shaped target wrapped around a critical structure, inserted within modified slabs of an Alderson Rando anthropomorphic phantom. The phantom is CT-scanned with a stereotactic frame, and the images are transferred to the treatment planning systems. The best possible treatment plans are generated for each simulated target and for each of the three techniques. Treatment plans are compared using both physical (homogeneity and conformity indices) and biological parameters (integral biologically effective dose, tumour control probability and normal tissue complication probability). Possible correlation between physical and biological parameters is investigated for the three techniques. Finally, some experiments are performed to explain the lack of correlation obtained when multiple isocenters are employed in the dynamic rotation technique for the treatment of irregular targets.
20

Cone-beam computed tomography: imaging dose during CBCT scan acquisition and accuracy of CBCT based dose calculations

Giles, David January 2010 (has links)
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a recent development in radiotherapy for use in image guidance. Image guided radiotherapy using CBCT allows visualization of soft tissue targets and critical structures prior to treatment. Dose escalation is made possible by accurately localizing the target volume while reducing normal tissue toxicity. The kilovoltage x-rays of the cone beam imaging system contribute additional dose to the patient. In this study a 2D reference radiochromic film dosimetry method employing GAFCHROMICTM model XR-QA film is used to measure point skin doses and dose profiles from the Elekta XVI CBCT system integrated onto the Synergy linac. The soft tissue contrast of the daily CBCT images makes adaptive radiotherapy possible in the clinic. In order to track dose to the patient or utilize on-line replanning for adaptive radiotherapy the CBCT images must be used to calculate dose. A Hounsfield unit calibration method for scatter correction is investigated for heterogeneity corrected dose calculation in CBCT images. Three Hounsfield unit to density calibration tables are used for each of four cases including patients and an anthropomorphic phantom, and the calculated dose from each is compared to results from the clinical standard fan beam CT. The dose from the scan acquisition is reported and the effect of scan geometry and total output of the x-ray tube on dose magnitude and distribution is shown. The ability to calculate dose with CBCT is shown to improve with the use of patient specific density tables for scatter correction, and for high beam energies the calculated dose agreement is within 1%. / La tomographie par faisceaux conique (CBCT) informatisée a été récemment développée en radiothérapie pour l'utilisation de guidage par imagerie. La radiothérapie guidée par imagerie (IGRT) utilisant le CBCT, permet la visualisation des cibles à tissus mous et des structures critiques avant le traitement. En localisant précisément la cible, une « escalade » de dose est rendue possible et la toxicité des tissus sains est réduite. Les rayons-X à basse énergie (kilovoltage) du system d'imagerie du CBCT, contribue à une dose additionnelle pour le patient. Dans cette étude, une méthode dosimétrique utilisant un film 2D radiochromic (Gafchromic film, model XR-QA) a été employé pour mesurer des points de dose à la peau ainsi que des profiles de dose. Cette étude a été réalisée à l'aide d'un system d'Elekta XVI CBCT installé sur un accélérateur linéaire du Synergy. Le contraste des images quotidiennes du CBCT des tissus mous rend possible au niveau clinique l'utilisation de la radiothérapie adaptive. Dans le but de suivre la dose administrée au patient ou utiliser de la replanification en ligne pour la radiothérapie adaptive, les images CBCT doivent être utilisées pour le calcul de dose. Une calibration des unités de Hounsfield par méthode de correction de dispersion est examinée dans le cas de dose calculée dans des milieux hétérogènes pour les images CBCT. Trois unités de Hounsfield par table de calibration de densité sont utilisées pour chaque des quatre cas incluant des patients et un fantôme anthropomorphique. Le calcul de dose pour chaque cas est comparé avec les résultats cliniques standards de tomographie par faisceaux en éventail. La dose acquise avec le scanner est reportée et l'effet géométrique du scanner ainsi que le débit total du tube a rayon-X sur la magnitude et la distribution de la dose sont montrés. La capacité de calculer la dose avec un CBCT est présentée dans le but d'amélio

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