According to Identity Theory (IT), identity-inconsistent feedback is associated with negative affect and motivation to change the situation to match identity. Responses to identity-relevant feedback from others remains an understudied IT tenet. The affective and self-presentational responses of high-identity exercisers provided with identity confirming or disconfirming feedback in the presence of another person were examined in a randomized experiment. MANCOVA procedures revealed that compared to confirmed individuals, disconfirmed individuals demonstrated greater negative affect, desire to self-present, and attempts to self-present. Regression analyses determined that among disconfirmed individuals, satisfaction with self-presentation was negatively related to negative affect. Findings support IT predictions. KEYWORDS: identity; Identity Theory; affect; role of the other; public; self-presentation; MANCOVA; bivariate regression

Les inegalites sociales de sante ont ete denoncees a maintes reprises par des etudes en sante publique. Plusieurs d'entre elles ont permis d'identifie les taux de morbidite et de mortalite tres eleves des hommes issus de milieux socioeconomiquement defavorises. Par exemple, au Canada, cette sous-population souffre 3,4 fois plus de maladies cardiovasculaires que son homologue plus aise et, malgre les avances medicales, elle est plus a risque de succomber a cette maladie. Ce type d'inegalites a ete explique en partie par la variation sociale des styles de vie entre les classes sociales. Cette etude porte sur les pratiques des hommes socioeconomiquement defavorises (SED) en contexte de readaptation cardiaque. Elle identifie les mecanismes sociaux explicatifs des styles de vie des hommes SED ayant subit des MCV dans le but d'ameliorer les connaissances en promotion de la sante. L'etude emploie la theorie socioculturelle de Pierre Bourdieu afm, d'une part, de comprendre leurs conceptions du corps, de la sante et de la maladie pour identifier leurs strategies, s'il y a lieu, pour maintenir et ameliorer leur sante et, d'autre part, de saisir leur perception des ressources materielles et humaines necessaires a l'adhesion a un regime de sante. Les resultats reposent sur une analyse qualitative d'entrevues menees aupres de vingt hommes ayant souffert d'une maladie cardiovasculaire. Ils indiquent que, de maniere generale, la defavorisation materielle et sociale de ce groupe faconne un rapport au corps qui est peu propice a l'adoption d'un regime de sante. Une analyse plus fine est presentee a l'interieur de deux articles scientifiques. Le premier article presente la hierarchie des pratiques des participants et le deuxieme permet de souligner davantage les effets du fatalisme et du rapport au temps a court terme sur leurs styles de vie. L'etude conclut qu'il est souhaitable que des politiques qui cherchent a reduire les inegalites sociales soient mises en place afin de permettre aux populations SED d'avoir acces a des conditions de vie plus adequates; necessaires a l'adoption d'un regime de sante recommande par les acteurs en sante publique.

Sport helmet certification standards solely prescribe the use of vertical drop towers in their protocols; a mechanism which mimics the head impacting the ground. Athletes are more commonly injured via collisions with other players; however, and the current certification standards do not incorporate this mechanism of injury in their test methodologies. At the most basic level, these two injury mechanisms can be differentiated by impact mass. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of impact mass on the dynamic response of a Hybrid III head form. This was carried out by impacting the front location of the un-helmeted head form over a range of inbound velocities (2.0 m/s, 3.0 m/s and 4.0 m/s) and system compliances (rigid neck, compliant neck and unrestrained head and neck) on two different test systems represented by impact mass (monorail vertical drop tower and horizontal linear impactor) to more completely characterize the relationship. Significant main effects and interactions were observed for impact mass, inbound velocity and system compliance on peak resultant translational acceleration and peak resultant rotational acceleration (p<0.05). Impacts on the monorail vertical drop tower (greater impact mass), resulted in higher acceleration values than the same impacts on the horizontal linear impactor, implying that the monorail generates more severe impacts. The greatest accelerations were also seen at the higher velocities, indicating that athletes impacted at higher velocities are at greater risk of suffering mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The relationship was non-linear for system compliance: the least compliant system generated the lowest translational accelerations, followed by the most compliant system, and ending with the intermediate level of system compliance. Rotational acceleration increased with increasing system compliance.

Learning to become an elite athlete is a long and complex journey. The process of developing a complete understanding of athlete learning may prove even longer and more intricate still. Researchers in motor learning have investigated how athletes learn through a variety of methods; however, there is an absence of qualitative studies on this topic, and studies that examine the actual learning processes of athletes. The purpose of the present study was therefore to better understand how elite women volleyball athletes have learned throughout their athletic life from the perspective of the athletes themselves. Ten high performance varsity and ex-varsity women volleyball athletes with national and international experience were interviewed. The research findings indicate that the athletes' ways of learning were influenced by their biographies, by a variety of learning situations that they experienced with both their coaches and their teammates, and by their use of personal reflection. The findings of this study suggest that an athlete's internal drive and desire to be the best, their ability to view all forms of disjuncture as opportunities to learn, and their willingness to seek out and accept feedback and coaching as important components in the complex process of learning. The findings also point to the need for the sport learning environment to continue to develop coaches with effective teaching and interpersonal skills as well as solid technical skills in their respective sports.

Although the essential physical (Hollander, Meyers, & LeUnes, 1995; Krane, Greenleaf, & Snow, 1997) and mental (Bloom, 1985; Kreiner-Phillips & Orlick, 1993; Orlick & Partington, 1988) requirements of an elite athlete have been recognized as a necessity for excellence in sport, minimal research has examined the lives of these athletes as a whole and their perception of balance or imbalance in their life. The present study, therefore, set out to explore elite athletes' perceptions of balance in their lives. In depth, semi-structured interviews and modified self-reported diaries (Kramp, 1994) were conducted with 10 elite athletes (5 currently competing and 5 retired athletes). Inductive analysis of interview transcripts revealed that half of these athletes (2 current and 3 retired) defined balance primarily as having a vision or goal and striving towards it, while the other half (3 current and 2 retired) defined balance as respecting the different parts of their lives. Balance in these athletes' lives was perceived to fluctuate in cycles as it shifted in accordance with their needs and wants for that time in their life. In addition to highlighting the necessity of being true to themselves, important prerequisites for achieving balance in their lives were identified by all ten athletes. They stated that one must: (1) make a conscious decision to have balance; (2) have strong self discipline; (3) enjoy what you are doing; (4) have a supportive network; (5) have leisure time; and (6) be in the moment. Both the similarities and unique differences in the athletes' perspectives on balance were explored. Results from this study can be used to further advance the area of research that focuses on understanding balance in elite performers' lives.

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The purpose of the study was to systematically review and quantify the effect of exercise interventions on HbAlc and body mass in type 2 diabetes. A literature search was conducted to find all controlled clinical trials in type 2 diabetic adults comparing an exercise intervention (≥8 weeks) to a non-exercise control. Weighted mean differences (WMD) and standardised mean differences (SMD) were used to calculate the size of the effect of exercise. Eleven aerobic training studies (average: 3.5 times/week for 18.6 weeks) and 2 resistance training studies (average: 10 exercises, 2.5 sets, 13 repetitions, 2.5 times/week for 15 weeks) met the inclusion criteria. In the first set of analyses, the effects of exercise on HbAlc and body mass were studied. Aerobic training interventions produced a significant decrease in HbAIc compared to control (WMD = -0.74, p = 0.00003). Improvements in HbAlc with resistance training were similar in size (WMD = -0.64, p = 0.05). Although the exercise groups lost a mean of 2.5 kilograms, their post-intervention body mass was not statistically different from the control groups' (SMD = 0.10 standard deviations (SD), p = 0.76). In the second set of analyses, aerobic training produced a 11% increase in VO 2 max compared to control (SMD = 0.49 SD, p = 0.003). When only intense aerobic interventions are considered (≥75% VO2 max) the post-intervention VO2 max was 30% higher than in the control group. Improvements in strength produced by resistance training were also significant (SMD = 1.00, p = 0.0001). In summary, exercise training resulted in statistically and clinically significant improvements in HbAIc without change in body mass compared to control. On the other hand, there is little information available from controlled clinical trials on the effect of exercise on other elements of body composition and physical fitness in type 2 diabetes.

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