Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3445. Advisers: Donald K. Layman; Manabu Nakamura. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-81) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6316. Adviser: Sharon M. Donovan. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-181) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6317. Adviser: Manabu T. Nakamura. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-92) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

<p> The incidence of schizophrenia has grown during the past 60 years while its primary treatment has been pharmaceutical drugs, which are developed and prescribed within a paradigm that considers schizophrenia an incurable condition. Drugs do not cure schizophrenia, and their adverse effects can be worse than schizophrenic symptoms, one reason many patients are noncompliant with antipsychotic regimens. In the 1950&rsquo;s, psychiatrists began experimenting with vitamin B3, also known as niacin, and showed with statistical and clinical significance that it could bring about recovery from schizophrenia without adverse effects. This treatment is now known as orthomolecular medicine, meaning the correct molecule. A multiple case study design explored the experience of individuals who switched from using an antipsychotic drug to orthomolecular medicine as their primary biological treatment for schizophrenia. Interview data from diagnosed schizophrenics triangulated with those of observers and healthcare providers who knew the individuals throughout the course of diagnosis and different treatments revealed: The antipsychotic Risperdal devastated participants&rsquo; energy, motivation, concentration, memory, social functioning, and capacities for reading and writing; psychiatrists were perceived as unsupportive and at times hostile; the orthomolecular treatment supported significant recoveries from schizophrenia, and improved participants&rsquo; cognition, emotional stability, and social functioning. Participants began functioning at a higher level than before experiencing schizophrenia after introducing an orthomolecular treatment. Examined through the lens of transpersonal psychology, it was evident that these individuals may have experienced spiritual emergency, and the maturity they garnered through schizophrenia came to fruition after reducing or discontinuing Risperdal and introducing an orthomolecular regimen.</p>

<p> The purpose of this study was to explore the overall use of the resources and components presented in the smartphone-based nutrition education application, Run Fueled, among a sample of male and female NCAA Division I endurance runners. Specifically, this study evaluated the resource and component use of Module 1 of the application, a 4-week portion of the application focusing on nutrition education on topics relating to: (1) the importance of consuming adequate energy; (2) carbohydrate, protein, fat, and performance; (3) building a performance plate and hydration tips; and (4) nutrient timing and bone-building nutrients. Data were collected on total number of resources accessed among males and females, and average number of resources accessed by each participant in each triad risk level. Results revealed no differences among males and females in terms of overall application use or application use related to risk level. Results also indicated a clear decline in application usage over the 4-week period, showing a need for further development of the application to improve participation.</p><p>

Whether increasing meal frequency leads to greater body weight loss, better appetite control and higher levels of PYY remains to be determined. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of high MF (HMF) on body weight loss, appetite and PYY in healthy obese men and women. Sixteen obese individuals were randomized to an 8-week equicaloric energy restriction (-700 kcal/day) that either consisted of HMF (3 meals/day and 3 snacks/day; age= 34.63+/-9.50 y and BMI=37.1+/-4.6 kg/m 2) or low MF (LMF) (3 meals/day; age=36.3+/-7.4 y and BMI=34.8+/-4.0 kg/m2). Baseline energy needs were determined with indirect calorimetry. Appetite (VAS) and body composition (DEXA) were assessed before and after weight loss. Body weight was significantly decreased in both groups (p&lt;0.001), but no significant difference was found between conditions (p>0.05). Significant higher levels of fullness at time 120min and at time 300min was noted for the LMF group (p&lt; .05). PYY levels were comparable across conditions and remained unchanged over the intervention. These findings suggest that increasing MF under conditions of equicaloric energy restriction does not increase weight loss. Further, no favorable effects of increased MF on appetite and on PYY levels were noted.

Background. Although experimental studies on meal frequency are few, results show that increasing the number of daily meals leads to decreased energy intake (EI). No studies have yet looked at the type of meal patterning that would maximize this reduction. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine if structured preloads affects EI, appetite, and Peptide YY (PYY) and Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations in normal weight men. Design. Eight normal weight men (25.3 +/- 2.6 kg/m 2) participated in a randomized crossover trial. In condition 1 the subjects were able to self select their snacks ad libitum. In condition 2 the subjects consumed a standardized preload (300 Kcal: 40% protein, 40% carbohydrate and 20% fat) 15 minutes prior to lunch and dinner. During condition 3, participants consumed the preload, at times that maximized their pre meal fullness levels. During each condition, a standardized breakfast was served, while lunch and dinner were self-selected from a 5 item menu, and eaten ad libitum. Daily EI, fasting and postprandial appetite, PYY, and GLP-1 were sampled every 30 minutes for 9 hours for all 3 conditions. Results. No difference in daily EI, AUC GLP-1, and PYY was noted between conditions. Desire, hunger, and PFC were found to be lowest during the control session (P&lt;0.05). Finally, GLP-1 concentrations were correlated to fullness levels with significance during conditions 1 (R=0.81, P&lt;0.05) and 3 (R=0.89, P&lt;0.01). Conclusion. Structured snacking does not affect EI over the short term. Key words. Energy intake, appetite, PYY, GLP-1, preload, meal frequency.

Recent discussions in the literature have suggested that reducing the consumption of foods with high associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and impacts on global water resources, such as meat and dairy foods, and replacing them with lower GHG and water resource burden associated foods, such as plant based foods, will help mitigate global cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and obesity. However, this hypothesis has not been empirically tested. The objective of this dissertation was to examine the correlation between diet-related chronic disease, obesity, and undernourishment, and the GHG emissions and Water Footprints of food. Chapter 1 focused on obesity, and how foods found to be related to weight gain correlate with these food’s GHG emissions. The Spearman correlation between a food’s associated weight gain and GHG emission was 0.12 (95% CI: -0.37, 0.55). These results did not change after the removal of unprocessed red meat from the analysis. Nuts, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables exhibited lower effects on weight gain and CO2e production. Chapter 2 examined diet related NCDs, obesity, life expectancy, and undernutrition, and how country food supply GHG emissions associate with these particular country health outcomes. After adjustment for country socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics, there was no association between country specific food-related GHG emissions and country specific rate of premature mortality from NCDs (β=0 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): -5, 5] deaths/100,000), life expectancy (β=0.19 [95% CI: -5, 5] years), prevalence of obesity (β=2% [95% CI: -3%, 6%]), or undernourishment (β=-7% [95% CI: -15%, 1%]). Results did not change when the association was examined within strata of GDP per capita. However, there were large variation in country health indicators at every level of GHG emissions, and some countries had both low food-related GHG emissions and favorable health statistics. Chapter 3 evaluated how healthfulness of diet, as measured by the Alternative Health Index, relates to food WF categories within a cohort of US women. Reservoir WF increased linearly whereas rain WF decreased linearly with increasing adherence to the AHEI. Women in the highest quintile of adherence to the AHEI had reservoir WF that was 309 liters/day (95% confidence interval (CI): 290 – 327) higher and a rain WF that was 313 liters/day (95% CI: -333, -294) liters lower than that of women in the lowest quintile of adherence to the AHEI. When both reservoir and rain WF were considered together, women on the highest quintile of adherence to the AHEI had a total WF that was 50 liters/day (95%: -81, -19) lower than that of women in the lowest quintile of adherence. The unfavorable directionality pertaining to reservoir and rain WF with healthier eating scores warrants further research, especially with progressively unequal global freshwater availability. Although overall associations between food GHG and the health outcomes analyzed were not observed, there were variations noted that warrants further examination. However, dietary impacts on global water reservoirs should be simultaneously considered. Hence, efforts that enable the adoption of effective policies to address both dietary quality and the reduction of food GHG emissions simultaneously, without exacerbating undernutrition and water scarcity, should continue.

Diet controls $\sim$80% of type-I (insulin-dependent) diabetes in the diabetes-prone BioBreeding (BBdp) rat. This study was designed to define the relationship among diet, the gut immune system and the pancreas. BB rats were fed either a diabetogenic NIH-07 (NIH) diet or the diabetes protective, hydrolysed casein (HC) diet. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumin (OVA), sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and NIH were given by gavage daily for 5 days. Both BBdp and the diabetes resistant BBc rat when fed NIH became unresponsive in antibody production to NIH antigens. None of the other oral antigen treatments induced tolerance. In delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, footpad injection of NIH resulted in lower DTH reactions and less increase in popliteal lymph node weight when animals were fed NIH than HC. We conclude that oral tolerance, both cell-mediated and humoral, to diabetogenic antigens is inducible in both strains of BB rats. This required daily feeding unlike in other rat strains. The depressed DTH reaction in the animals fed NIH indicates no link between the systemic Th1 DTH reaction to NIH and the Th1 food-induced diabetogenesis. Neonatal intrathymic injection of autoclaved NIH did not affect diabetes incidence, suggesting systemic exposure to these food antigens was not protective. Feeding neonatal BBdp rats a diabetogenic diet between 4 and 7d of age significantly delayed diabetes and reduced incidence. This effect was seen with the NIH diet and its diabetogenic component, wheat gluten. We conclude that early exposure to food diabetogens is protective against food-induced diabetes, indicating a crucial link between the local gut immune system and autoimmunity against pancreatic $\beta$ cells.

This thesis research sought to explore childcare providers' perceptions of nutrition in childcare settings. Drawing upon a social ecological understanding of behaviour, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 providers. Written in a two article format, the first article details factors providers perceived as influencing their decisions regarding food and mealtimes for childcare settings; the second article focuses on strategies providers perceived to encourage healthy eating and their reasons for use of these strategies. Providers described being influenced by a range of factors, not receiving pertinent support for assisting healthy nutritional development in childcare settings, and being focused on short-term objectives rather than long-term healthy nutritional development. These results encourage further research into understanding the interconnections between the different influences and developing nutritional materials better suited to providers' needs. Gaining an increased understanding of factors influencing childcare providers' decisions regarding nutrition is vital to encouraging healthy nutritional behaviour development in children.