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The Eating Issues and Body Image Continuum is a tool used for presentations on and self assessment of eating and body issues. This pilot study was undertaken to test the Continuum's criterion and content validity. Female college students, 25 with diagnosed eating issues, and 25 without, self-assessed their eating/body issue levels with the Continuum. The EDI-2 was the criterion measurement. A Pearson's correlation of 0.73, and a distinct separation in self-assessment results between the two groups identified the efficacy of the Continuum. The validity of the Continuum statements were assessed by female college students (n = 100), and Mental/Nutritional health Professionals (n = 20). Two-thirds of the statements were either placed correctly or within an adjacent column. The rest of the statements either needed changes in wording or represented cultural issues with interpreting body and food concerns. Suggestions for changes to the Continuum were recommended. The Continuum was considered to be efficacious as an assessment tool.

<p> The purpose of this dissertation is to define and describe eating behavior, describe the known mechanisms and effects of caffeine on exercise and examine the independent and combined effects of caffeine and short-term exercise on eating behavior. Study 1,between subjects design, randomized inactive adults to different frequencies (0, 1, 3, 5 days/week) of short-term (2 weeks) aerobic exercise and measured the reinforcing value and consumption of healthy versus unhealthy foods baseline to post-treatment. Study 2, within subjects design, randomized adults to three relative caffeine doses (0, l, and 3 mg/kg body weight) and measured the effects of acute caffeine exposure on appetite and intake at breakfast and throughout the day. Study 3, between subjects two-by-two design, randomized inactive adults to different conditions (short-term no exercise/exercise) and treatments (placebo/caffeine) and measured the reinforcing value and intake of LED versus HED foods, intake at breakfast and throughout the day, appetite, and exercise responses. Study 1 identified increased frequency (5 days/week x 2 weeks) of aerobic exercise increased the reinforcing value and intake of LED foods. Study 2 identified a decrease in intake at a 3 mg/kg caffeine dose. Study 3 identified independent effects of caffeine or exercise on eating behavior. Portions of LED food earned was greater after 2 weeks of caffeine exposure. Intake and rate of intake increased after 2 weeks of exercise. Caffeine impaired exercise performance for overweight/obese. Hunger was greater and increased after 2 weeks caffeine without exercise. There were no combined effects of caffeine and short-term exercise on intake in the laboratory or under free living conditions. These finding suggest signals from exercise and caffeine on eating behavior may compete with each other or the effects may be too transient or too weak to be consistently replicated. More studies are needed to further elucidate the expected acute and chronic effects of caffeine and exercise, independently and combined, on eating behavior. </p>

The objective of this study was to design a weight loss self-efficacy questionnaire which was multidimensional, with each dimension representing a specific type of relapse situation. The instrument developed contained 41 specific situations or emotional states which were considered to be high-risk for precipitating diet relapse. Two hundred thirty-six usable questionnaires were completed by individuals who attended a weight reduction class at one of eleven Air Force bases in the continental United States. Exploratory principal component analysis using the varimax, rotation method was employed to test for the presence of distinct dimensions of self-efficacy. Three distinct dimensions emerged, Negative Emotional, Urges and Temptations, and Party Situations, which accounted for approximately 56 percent of variance. Reliability coefficients ranged from.96 to.84 indicating that the sampling attributes for the three domains were adequate and there was homogeneity of items constituting each dimension. An instrument of this type has the potential for improving effectiveness of weight reduction therapies by facilitating the targeting of intervention to the situations identified as being high-risk for a specific person.

<p> The first road to be built into Humla, Nepal has connected this once-remote Himalayan region to a market in China. This dissertation research assesses the impacts of this road on villagers&rsquo; food security, diet and nutrition, and subjective well-being, and investigates the link between objective and subjective health outcomes. The primary aim of this study is to decipher whether villagers&rsquo; &lsquo;proximity to road&rsquo; is the strongest predictor of the aforementioned health outcomes, or whether other sociocultural and economic variables play a more significant role. A mixed-methods approach and a case-control ethnographic research design were implemented in order to investigate this question.</p><p> Results from the food security questionnaire indicate that due to easy accessibility and low costs, villagers now supplement their agricultural yields with enriched, processed foods obtained via the road. Although villagers perceive their current food security as being significantly higher than in years past, results indicate that food security levels do not always positively correlate with either &lsquo;proximity to road&rsquo; or the harvest season. Nutrient composition analysis indicates that differences in both livelihood tasks and prestige ascription by gender and age yield a high variability in both dietary patterns and nutritional outcomes. These differences are also reflected in the anthropometric data, which show that while a portion of the study population is &lsquo;underweight&rsquo;, another portion is simultaneously &lsquo;overweight&rsquo;. Villagers&rsquo; subjective well-being, in addition to being defined differently from village to village, has a higher correlation with human capital levels and socioeconomic status than with &lsquo;proximity to road&rsquo;.</p><p> This research illuminates the complexity involved with determining whether the introduction of a road will manifest in positive health outcomes. Using the new road in Humla District, Nepal, as a case study, this research takes advantage of a unique opportunity to study human dietary shifts as they are in the process of occurring. By assessing villagers&rsquo; decision-making patterns regarding their food consumption, the overall aim of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of the dietary sea change that is leaving its mark on the quality of life across the globe.</p>

The effects of postnatal zinc deficiency on the development of the hippocampal formation was assessed using the Morris water tank task. Tests at days 28, 29, 88 and 89 revealed no differences between ad libitum zinc deficient animals and ad libitum controls. Subjects whose food intake was restricted but was zinc adequate were impaired on the hippocampal version of this task but not the control version. These results suggest that previous reports of hippocampal impairment secondary to zinc deficiency should be re-evaluated.

Poor compliance with weight loss diets has consistently been a problem in the health care field. Prediction of compliance to diets for persons on the Air Force Weight Program could help the diet therapist with intervention planning with these people. Sixty-six active duty Air Force persons on the Weight Program were given a survey based on the Fishbein Model of Behavioral Intentions. The subjective norm, spouse, was beneficial in the prediction of behavior of following the diet prescription, R2 = 0.32, p = 0.003. The attitude towards their Air Force career was useful in the prediction of weight loss, R2 = 0.30, p = 0.002. The information received from this study may be valuable in directing consultation of active duty Air Force personnel on the Weight Program. Involving the spouse or significant other in the counseling, especially, stressing the importance of success, may increase the positive behavior of following the diet prescription. In addition, stressing the effects of the program on the member's career during initial counseling and upon follow up may also help increase adherence to the program.