Thesis (MTech (Nursing))--Cape Technikon, 2003. / The developed countries of the world utilise 80% of the agricultural chemicals that are used in the agricultural sector. A total of 99% of all agricultural chemical poisoning occurs in developing countries. South Africa is classified as a developing country. During the five-year period from 1996 - 2000, 36.2% (50 cases) of the average number of cases of agricultural chemical poisoning that were reported in South Africa were in the Western Cape. Three out of four (75%) deaths as a result of agricultural chemicals during the same period were in the Western Cape. The agricultural activities that are undertaken in the Western Cape are labour intensive and various agricultural chemicals are applied continuously to meet the quality requirements of the export market. The purposes of this study were: i) to determine which factors contributed to the reported cases of agricultural chemical poisoning in the Winelands, Overberg and Breede River District Councils during the five-year period from 1January 1996 until31 December 2000, ii) to determine what procedure was followed to report these cases of poisoning, iii) to determine whether a biological monitoring programme was in place at the time of the reported poisonings, and iv) to group and to analyse the recommendations that were made during the investigation. The research methodology included a literature study to establish a theoretical framework. A descriptive retrospective quantitative research design was applied.

D.Cur. / The higher education, nursing education and health care context has been shifting its focus into community development. This shift is being influenced by the constitutional framework of the country, South Africa, which is putting more emphasis in all sectors on addressing community needs. The focus is not only on community development, but on participatory development. On the one hand, the Nursing Education Institution (NEI) is faced with the challenge of addressing the education and the health care needs of the community. On the other hand, the community context is also undergoing a paradigm shift, that of striving for self-sufficiency. Purpose and objectives: To address the education, health and community development needs, the NEI and the community require a goal-oriented partnership. To date it is not clear in the literature, how a partnership should take place. The needs and expectations of stakeholders in the partnership have not yet been explored. What has been written about community academic partnerships indicates that partnerships that existed were not true partnerships. Academic-community partnerships that exist usually portray academic institutions as owners of knowledge from which the community may benefit. It was therefore necessary to explore and describe the nature and structure of what stakeholders would consider as quality partnerships. The aim of this study was to develop a model for partnership between the NEI and the community and to develop standards against which the partnership could be evaluated. The following objectives were set according to the phases of the study:

The mining industry has been associated with environmental pollution throughout the ages. Old abandoned mines are of particular concern due to the lack of remediation and monitoring of the pollution. The abandoned Edendale Lead Mine in Tshwane, South Africa, was in operation from the 1980’s until 1938 and mined primarily galena for the lead content, although some silver was also recovered in the early years. The mine was decommissioned before environmental legislation in South Africa, namely the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 and the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, required the mitigation of environmental impacts associated with mining. Consequently, the environmental effects of Edendale Lead Mine have not been determined. This study is aimed at establishing the source, extent and magnitude of environmental pollution associated with metal contamination from mining operations in the area. Such investigation is of particular interest as there are two schools in the area, namely the Edendale Primary and High School, and the mine site is located immediately adjacent to the Edendalespruit. Furthermore, there are numerous farms and some private residences in the area that rely on borehole water that may potentially be polluted. The ore at Edendale Lead Mine was mined from a hydrothermal deposit, with irregularly disseminated argentiferous galena being the only ore mineral of importance. Two mineralisation stages can be recognised from material available on waste rock dumps, i.e. an intensely fragmented and strongly silicified breccia and a carbonate-dominated breccia with minor pyrite. The galena is restricted to the first mineralisation stage. Water and solid samples were collected from the mine site and from the surrounding area. Through ion chromatography, Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, the water of the area is found to be of good quality according to the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Domestic Water Guidelines. The main concern is the presence of hazardous concentrations of lead in the Edendalespruit below the old plant site and in a pit near shaft one; determined to be from the abundance of relatively soluble anglesite (PbSO4) and susannite/leadhillite (Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2) in the slag heap and the waste rock dump. Solid samples were mineralogically and chemically analysed using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), which determined the soil to be enriched in lead, zinc, and copper. The lead, zinc and copper are from secondary minerals of galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, respectively. Metal mobility and availability was found to be limited through high soil pH conditions, which encourage metal-carbonate precipitation reactions and absorption by iron oxides and hydroxides. However, the high concentrations of lead in the soil are of considerable concern due to its toxicity and the number of people at risk, namely at the Edendale Primary and High Schools as well as users of the Edendalespruit and local ground water sources. The soil lead levels exceed the European Union target and intervention standards, therefore, requiring immediate mitigation and remediation measures. Recommendations for remediation and prevention measures may include the removal of the slag heap at the old mine site and the use of phytoremediation. / Prof. J.M. Huizenga Prof. J. Gutzmer Mr. H. Coetzee

Mankind, and the development of people, exists due to risk-taking behaviour. It is not that humans should not take risks, but rather the ability to identify the magnitude of risk exposure in order that mankind‟s actions would be so selected as to mitigate exposed risk factors, that no harm should befall them. The approach to health and safety (H&S) has always been to manage H&S environmental factors that could have a negative impact on people, capital, and organisational systems. However, the critical component of human risk-taking behaviour that would have a far greater impact has rarely been acknowledged as part of the drivers that increase risk exposure. Human behaviour is a major contributing factor in accident causation. Although human error cannot be completely eliminated, it should be identified and correctly managed according to each individual‟s risk-taking profile. The reason people decide to take certain risks under certain conditions and the effect it has on H&S management systems is a key component to managing organisational risk exposure. To quantify the value of individual risk-taking behaviour could provide management with better opportunities of lowering the organisational risk exposure. Human risk-taking behaviour is influenced by each individual‟s perception of risk. Such perception of risk will influence decisions on risk-taking behaviour, which in turn is influenced by the individual‟s psychological profile and environmental factors, including character and the impact of a cultural environment. The electrical construction and maintenance industry differs from other similar industries in that the physical entity of electricity requires not only sensory perception for the identification and evaluation of risk factors, but also requires specialised knowledge and testing equipment to evaluate the parameters of electrical installation, plant or equipment. Without such competence, direct exposure to most electrical installations could be fatal. The optimum human resource (HR) solution for managing the risk potential of high risk-taking behaviour is the rating and allocation of specific job tasks that can match and limit the individual potential for risk-taking behaviour and the impact on organisational incident statistics. Maintaining and optimising employee job performance enables organisations to better achieve pre-set goals and missions. Such improvements being a catalyst for better job performance by setting limitations on high risk-taking behaviour, that will improve H&S performance by lowering incident rates.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Masters of Technology in Nursing, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / IntroductionMale circumcision refers to the surgical removal of all or parts of the prepuce of the penis. This procedure is undertaken for religious, cultural, social, hygiene or medical reasons (Maibvise and Mavundla 2013: 139). The number of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) rose from approximately 8 million in the year 1990 to 33 million infections now. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region in the world most affected by HIV/AIDS with 22.4 million people living with the virus in the year ending 2008 (Naidoo et al. 2012: 2). The use of male and female condoms remains a challenge despite decades of promotion. There is evidence that medical male circumcision (MMC) is effective in preventing HIV sexual transmission. Medical male circumcision is a drive that was initiated by the National Department of Health as a strategy to curb HIV infection in South Africa in 2010. Aim of the Study The purpose of the study was to investigate and describe knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of males with regard to medical male circumcision. Methodology A quantitative descriptive survey research method was used to describe the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of males attending the community health care centers (CHCs) in eThekwini district regarding medical male circumcision. Results Displayed posters motivated 71.4% (n = 329) to have circumcisions. While 65.1% (n = 300) respondents had knowledge about circumcision and HIV, 27.8% (n = 280) perceived that circumcision would interfere with their sexual function and reproduction. A total of 38.8% (n = 179) of respondents indicated that it is good for children to be circumcised. There is a significant positive correlation between age and knowledge (r = 0.135, p = .004). Higher age is correlated with more knowledge. Conclusion This study found that knowledge plays a major role in changing attitudes and perceptions. The more knowledgeable an individual is, the more the chance is of them having a positive attitude towards MMC which could also influence a positive perception of MMC. In order to strengthen male circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy, it is imperative to provide the population that reflected low knowledge and negative attitude with information, education and counselling services. This may help them to change their attitudes and acquire a positive perception of MMC. / M

1.1\xWith the emphasis on particulate matter (PM) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from uncontrolled sources, this study focused on the ambient air pollution of e-waste recycling regions and the indoor air quality of urban areas in South China.;1.2\xIn the past decades, severe PM and POPs pollutions were recorded in e-waste recycling regions in China. Since the 2010s, more effective measures, stricter regulations and sophisticated dismantling technologies have been implemented in Guiyu and Qingyuan by local authorities. In this study, total suspended particles (TSP), fine particles (PM2.5), gas phase samples, and indoor settled dust were collected simultaneously in the primary recycling areas as well as reference sites in Guiyu and Qingyuan in August, 2013. The results showed that both PM, PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) , PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in ambient air showed significantly reduced levels in the regions, compared with the former corresponding reports. The changed source patterns of the POPs confirmed the environmental effects of the implementation of stricter regulation and advanced technologies in these years. Nevertheless, the remained uncontrolled e-waste recycling activities in Guiyu, including plastics recycling and circuit board baking, still made significant influence to the air environment and resulted in alarming levels of PCDD/Fs (0.73~2.43 pg I-TEQ/m3) in the recycling areas. While in Qingyuan, high environmental PCBs burden was observed both in informal (1737 pg/m3) and formal recycling areas (1075 pg/m3), which could attribute to the uncontrolled dismantling of PCB-contained transformers. The estimated non-cancer risk for children and adults in the recycling regions were 2.7~25.2 and 1.2~3.2, respectively, and moderate cancer risk were found for the residents living in the recycling regions of Guiyu and the vicinage of the formal recycing factory (CR>10-4). The unacceptable estimated risk for both children and adults suggested unsafe air environments in the two recycling regions.;1.4\xCollectively, our results suggest unsatisfactory air quality in both e-waste recycling regions and common urban areas. The air problems could both attribute to the uncontrolled sources of the related spaces. The obtained results firstly indicated that a long way to solve e-waste issues and more effective measures are needed to control the contaminants release and the exposure to the local residents. Secondly, indoor air quality standard for fine particulate matters as well as associated toxicants such as PAHs is urgently needed to guide common populations and communities.;1.5\xKeywords: Air pollution; E-waste recycling; Urban areas; Indoor air; Ambient air; PM2.5; Persistent organic pollutants; Health risk assessment

Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the Degree in Master's in Food Science and Technology, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / Pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan) is consumed in many parts of Africa as a source of protein and carbohydrate. It is underutilised and mainly grown for subsistence. Researching on pigeon pea may enhance value addition and increase its utilization. In this study, a non-dairy probiotic yoghurt was prepared from pigeon pea milk. Yoghurt samples were prepared, using 100% pigeon pea milk, pigeon pea/soy milk in the ratio 50:50 and 100% soy bean milk. The yoghurts were inoculated with yoghurt starter cultures and divided into two equal parts. One part inoculated with Propionibacterium freudenreichii was referred to as probiotic yoghurt, while the other part served as the control. The nutritional, sensory and some functional properties of the yoghurt were determined. The microbiological quality of yoghurt samples stored at 4, 10 and 21°C, respectively, for 4 weeks, were monitored and analysed for aerobic spores’ formers, E. coli, total plate counts, mould and Propionibacterium freudenreichii weekly. The protein contents of the yoghurt samples varied from 4.54-5.85% for 100% soymilk and 100% pigeon pea yoghurt respectively. The probiotic yoghurt showed slightly lower protein content than pigeon pea yoghurt alone. All the yoghurt samples had considerably high total solids (16.04-17.41%) and were fairly good sources of amino acids. Essential amino acids in the yoghurt samples were comparable to the FAO/WHO (2007) recommended amino acid requirement for adults. Anti-nutritional factors of yoghurt samples were significantly lower (P≤0.05) than their milk counterparts, which may be attributed to the fermentation process. Probiotic yoghurt samples showed higher firmness than non-probiotic samples. Total plate counts (log 7.01- 7.46 CFU/ml) samples stored for 2 weeks at 4° C were similar. Predominant organisms were LAB and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Storage temperature of yoghurt samples had an influence on the total plate count and LAB. Total plate count and LAB significant increased approximately by log 2 CFU/ml for the first two weeks of storage. However, moulds and E. coli were not detected in all samples. Beyond 2 weeks of storage, there was significant decline in total plate counts and LAB, while mould grew and increased. Aerobic spore formers and moulds were observed in the control yoghurt. However, E. coli was not found in all yoghurt samples throughout storage period. The pH of the milk in which yoghurt mixtures were formulated, ranged from pH 7 to 6.8 for pigeon pea and soymilk declined significantly as a result of acidification. Decline in pH at 4, 10 and 21°C was significant (p≤0.05) with the rate higher at 21, 10 than 4° C. Decline in pH resulted in increased TTA values over storage temperatures and periods. Samples stored at 21°C and 10°C had significantly higher TTA values than samples stored at 4° C. The colour values evaluated were recorded as L*, b*, a* and ∆E* during 4 weeks storage at 4, 10 and 21° C. Significantly high values (p≤0.05) were recorded for L* yoghurt samples with soymilk. The colour scale defines positive (red) and negative (green) for a* and b* positive (yellow) and negative (blue). All a* values both positive and negative were less than 3. There was no negative value recorded for b*. Colour difference ∆E* values trends increased as storage time and temperature increased. There were significant (p≤0.05) differences between samples stored at same and different storage temperatures and periods. Water holding capacity was significantly different (p≤0.05) in all the yoghurt samples stored at 4, 10 and 21°C for 4 weeks. Formulation with 100% soymilk recorded higher values. Soy yoghurt and probiotic yoghurts (100 %) showed higher water holding capacity compared to pigeon pea yoghurt and pigeon pea/soymilk yoghurt. The addition of Propionibacterium freudenreichii did not significantly affect sensory properties of the yoghurts. Acceptable yoghurt was produced from pigeon pea with comparable quality to soy which serves as control. Proximate composition was comparable to previous reports. Microbial quality and profile of all the yoghurt samples were similar. The absence of pathogenic bacteria in all the yoghurt samples confirm their safety. Soy yoghurt was most acceptable amongst the yoghurt samples but all the samples had comparable ratings, and these ratings are within commercially acceptable range (4 to 9) for yoghurt. Storage at 4oC should be the most acceptable, as storage at 21oC encourage proliferation of contaminant / M

D.Ed. / This study applied a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual approach. The purpose of the study was to develop, implement and evaluate a peer counselling psycho-educational programme to facilitate healthy sexual behaviour among late adolescents in informal settlements around Gauteng. Based on the purpose of the study, the objectives of this research were: a) to explore and describe the experiences and challenges related to life threatening behaviour challenges among late adolescents; b) to develop a conceptual framework as basis for a peer counselling psycho-educational programme on peer education to facilitate healthy sexual behaviour among late adolescents in informal settlements; c) to describe a peer counselling psycho-educational programme to facilitate healthy sexual behaviour among late adolescents in informal settlements; d) to formulate guidelines and principles for the implementation of a peer counselling psycho-educational programme to facilitate healthy sexual behaviour among late adolescents in informal settlements; and e) to evaluate this peer counselling psycho-educational programme to facilitate healthy sexual behaviour among late adolescents in informal settlements. To achieve the purpose of this research, the research method followed four phases to develop, implement and evaluate the psycho-educational programme. Phase one was a situational analysis by means of fieldwork. Phase two outlined a conceptual framework for a peer counselling psycho-educational programme that was developed from the results of phase one and the literature. Phase three was the outline of the implementation, and phase four the evaluation of the developed peer counselling psycho-educational programme to facilitate healthy sexual behaviour among late adolescents in informal settlements around Gauteng. ii The researcher sought to understand the targeted area and targeted populations; this exercise helped the researcher to identify and address the research problem and also to gain knowledge on the attitudes, norms, and values, and also the lived experiences, of the targeted community. It gave the researcher an understanding on cultural norms and beliefs and assisted in demarcating the extent of the problem. The importance of this exercise was to help the researcher to know the population demographics and the demarcation of the targeted area, which also assisted with resource allocation. During this situation analysis, the researcher identified the need for the exploration of life threatening sexual behaviour challenges among late adolescents in informal settlements. He identified these young people by observing them during site visits in their communities and also through conversations with them. Therefore, the researcher underwent experiential learning to understand the life threatening sexual behaviour, experiences and problems among late adolescents in informal settlements around Gauteng.

M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / The common cold and influenza (flu) are upper respiratory tract conditions; the former characterized by nasal or throat discomfort, sneezing, rhinorrhoea, and malaise, and the latter by fever, coryza, anorexia, cough, headache, malaise and myalgia (Beers et al., 2006). The common cold can be caused by over 200 rhinoviruses while influenza is mostly due to influenza virus A or B. Cold symptoms usually clear after 7-10 days, influenza which is more severe lasts for 2-3 weeks (Eccles, 2005). Athletes are susceptible to common colds and influenza infections due to intensive physical activities and stress, which lowers their immune systems and increases the risk of spread among team-mates. To avoid missing competitions and practice, it would be advantageous for athletes to receive prophylactic treatment during the high risk period for colds and flu such as in winter (Brukner and Khan, 2006). Pelargonium sidoides, which is an ingredient of Linctagon® spray, is a well-researched plant extract which has antiviral, antibacterial and immune-modulator effects (Nativa, 2011). Its effect as a prophylactic for athletes has not been researched. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Linctagon® spray in preventing common colds and influenza in female soccer teams of the University of Johannesburg. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, which took place over 63 days. Thirty female participants aged between 18-30 years were recruited from the University of Johannesburg female soccer teams via direct recruitment during training sessions on the University of Johannesburg Bunting campus. Participants meeting the inclusion criteria completed the Participant Information, Profile and Consent Forms. On day 1, the participants underwent a physical examination (vitals, ear, nose, throat and chest examinations). Participants either received a 20 ml bottle of Linctagon® spray or a placebo spray. Five squirts were taken orally twice daily for nine weeks. Participants also received three Wellness Questionnaires and Health Questionnaires to complete at home weekly and returned these at the following visits. On day 21 and day 42, the researcher collected the completed Questionnaires, performed a physical examination, dispensed and gave participants additional medication, and three additional Wellness and Health Questionnaires. At the final consultation, day 63, the researcher collected the questionnaires, and did a fourth and final physical examination. The data was collected from the participants and analyzed according to group frequencies and independent T-tests. The outcome indicated that the placebo was equally as effective as Linctagon® spray in the prophylaxis of common cold and influenza infections in female soccer team players of the University of Johannesburg for the duration of the study.

No description available.