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published_or_final_version / Sports Science / Master / Master of Science in Sports Science

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The purpose of this study was to determine the association of age, gender, and cardiorespiratory fitness level upon normative heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP) responses per MET during the BSU/Bruce Ramp protocol. This research was delimited to 451 subjects, 201 men (mean age 46.5 ± 11.9 yrs) and 250 women (mean age 42.9 ± 11.4 yrs), low to moderate risk subjects. The majority of subjects were tested to enter the Ball State University Adult Physical Fitness Program. These subjects were tested using the BSU/Bruce Ramp protocol between 1992 and 1998.Multiple regression showed gender had a positive association upon submaximal SBP values. Gender's association with heart rate was negative between minute 3-6 and positive between minute 6-9. Age only had an association upon submaximal heart rate, which was negative. Cardiorespiratory fitness had a negative association upon SBP between minute 6-9 and a negative association with heart rate between minute 3-6.SBP increased 6.6 ± 4.4 and 6.0 ± 4.2 mmHg/MET between minute 3-6 for men and women, respectively. Analysis of variance demonstrated gender was not statistically significant between minute 3-6. SBP increased 4.7 ± 3.1 and 3.8 + 2.7 mmHg/MET between minute 6-9 for men and women, respectively. Gender was statisticallysignificant between minute 6-9 (p<.05). Heart rate increased 8.5 + 2.3 and 10.7 + 3.3 bpm/MET between minute 3-6 for men and women, respectively. Analysis of variance demonstrated gender was statistically significant between minute 3-6 (p<.05). The increase was 9.5 + 2.3 and 9.2 + 2.7 bpm/MET between minute 6-9 for men and women, respectively. Gender was not statistically significant between minute 6-9.In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the normative hemodynamic responses during the BSU/Bruce Ramp protocol are similar to submaximal normative data previously reported in the literature for incremental type protocols. / School of Physical Education

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 84 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-69).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 123 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-66).

The objective of this thesis is to examine the possibility to determine the mechanical heart rate using intracardiac impedance in the time domain. Deducing the mechanical heartrate from the impedance could help improve the performance of implanted devices that today depend on the measurement of the heart’s electrical activity. Cardiogenic – also known as intracardiac – impedance is based on the difference in conductivity between heart muscle tissue and blood, making the impedance vary as the heart is filled and emptied. The data used in this thesis was acquired from three previous studies performed by St Jude Medical, two clinical and one preclinical. Two impedance measurement configurations were chosen from these studies, one bipolar and one quadropolar. To deduce the heart rate from the intracardiac impedance six algorithms were evaluated. Three using continuous peak detection and three evaluating small frames of the impedance signal.The peak detection algorithms were peak detection on the impedance signal itself, on its derivative  and on its integral. The three others were an Auto Correlation Function (ACF), an Average Magnutide Difference Function (AMDF) and an Average Wave Comparison Function (AWCF). In order to assess the heart rates deduced from the intracardiac impedance by the algorithms, these rates were compared to both the IEGM or the ECG (depending on which study was at hand) and the blood pressure. Several issues affected the performance of the algorithms. Impedance morphology can vary between patients. Some display so called “double peaks”, making it hard to decide whether a patient has for example a pulse of 80 bpm or of 160 bpm. The impedance morphology was also affected by amplitude modulation with the respiration frequency which in some patients cause difficulties to analyze the impedance signal. The results show that the two impedance measurement configurations perform equally well and that the ACF method was the overall best performing algorithm. They also show that individual patient impedance morphology has a large influence on the results and for future studies it should therefore be interesting to calibrate the algorithms for each patient, as this should improve performance.

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