no / An economizer, one type of heat exchangers, is specifically named to carry out heat exchange between hot gas and water. It is considered in this work to provide heat recovery between exhaust gas and boiler's feed water. As it has been studied to obtain high heat recovery with several designs, here the economizer is devised with new approach to achieve the best heat recovery as well as economical applicability in an existing pasteurized milk plant. The new economizer is designed to divide an exhaust gas into two portions flowing up on the left and right of the economizes passing across aligned banks of tubes and then flowing down and up again in an unmixed-triple pass fashion. The pressure drop and dew point temperature of corrosive acid depended on the fuel's type are also taken into account. Moreover, the mathematical models based on the energy equation in partial differential equations of two-dimensional initial value problems have been developed to simulate the performance of the newly designed economizer. The observation data prove that the designed economizer can achieve the heat recovery of the exhaust gas up to 57% with the average of 38% and can save the consumption of liquefied petroleum gas of about 13%.

O modelo originalmente proposto por Navarro e Cabezas-Gómez (2005) para determinação da Efetividade térmica de trocadores de calor de fluxo cruzado, é avaliado e ampliado. Esta ampliação é extensiva para três casos particulares. No primeiro, o número de unidades de transferência (NUT) é determinado em função da efetividade térmica (E) e da razão entre as capacidades térmicas (C*). No segundo, cartas do fator de correção F para o método da média logarítmica da diferença de temperaturas (MLDT) são desenvolvidas a partir de uma associação entre os métodos E-NUT e MLDT realizada por Kays e London (1998). Os resultados obtidos são validados a partir da comparação com valores provenientes de relações analíticas de configurações conhecidas. Por último, uma análise global de trocadores de calor de fluxo cruzado com geometrias complexas é realizada através dos métodos E-NUT, MLDT, Eficiência, análise de geração de entropia e o princípio da uniformidade da diferença do campo de temperaturas. Os valores obtidos mostraram boa precisão para todas as configurações testadas, demonstrando que o presente trabalho permite analisar o desempenho de diferentes configurações de trocadores de calor de fluxo cruzado usando diversos métodos de análise. / The pattern originally proposed by Navarro and Cabezas-Gómez (2005) for cross-flow heat exchangers thermal effectiveness resolution, is analysed and extended. This extension is available in three particular cases. In the first one, the number of tranfer units (NTU) is defined in funtion of thermal effectiveness (E) and heat capacity rate ratio (C*). In the second one, charts for correction factor F for logarithm mean temperature difference (LMTD) approach are developed from a relation between E-NTU and LMTD approaches by Kays and London (1998). The obtained results are authenticated from a comparison with data from analytical expressions of traditional arrangements. For the last one, a whole analysis of crossflow heat exchangers with complex flow arrangements is realized by E-NTU, LMTD, Efficiency, analysis of entropy generation and the uniformity principle of the temperature difference field. The obtained values showed a good precision for every settings simulated, demonstrating that the present research is able to make an analysis of cross-flow heat exchangers performance in different settings using several approaches.

Atualmente, existe uma grande variedade de metodologias de controle que poderiam ser utilizadas e aplicadas a processos industriais. Algumas destas metodologias têm um projeto complexo, exigindo um estudo extra de engenharia para projetar um controlador com um desempenho excelente. Outros controladores não apresentam um desempenho tão bom, embora apresentem um projeto extremamente simples. Entre a mais simples e a mais complexa metodologia, existem soluções de controle intermediárias, baseadas nas teorias de controle ótimo, que apresentam uma relativa simplicidade de projeto combinada com um desempenho superior. A presente tese apresenta a aplicação de duas técnicas de controle aplicadas a uma Rede de Trocadores de Calor (RTC) com bypasses: o controle LQR (Regulador Linear Quadrático) e o controle H-Infinito, apresentando os resultados obtidos em simulação no Matlab/Simulink e também resultados experimentais. Além disso, foi desenvolvido um procedimento para a validação experimental de um modelo matemático do trocador de calor casco e tubo 1-1 proposto por NOVAZZI (2006). A obtenção dos resultados experimentais foi realizada através de uma RTC em escala piloto, projetada e construída no Laboratório de Engenharia Química do Centro Universitário da FEI, com a instrumentação necessária e devidamente interconectada a um computador PC através de uma placa de aquisição de dados. A simulação e os ensaios experimentais realizados com os controladores LQR e H-Infinito aplicados na RTC apresentaram resultados adequados quando comparados à dinâmica da RTC em malha aberta (600s.), pois exigiram em torno de 200s. para impor uma mudança de setpoint ou rejeitar os distúrbios aplicados na vazão fria e na temperatura quente de entrada. Além disso, os controladores foram capazes de eliminar as interações entre as variáveis de processo. / Nowadays, there are a lot of different control methodologies that could be used on industrial processes. Some of these methodologies have a complex design and also demands an extra engineering effort to design the controller with a superior performance. Some other controllers may not lead to a desirable performance although they are too easy to design. Midway between the simplest and the most complex controller designs, there are an intermediate solutions based on optimal control theory, that present a relative simplicity in design combined with a superior performance. The contribution of this work is to apply the LQR control (Linear Quadratic Regulator) and the H-Infinity control on a Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) with bypasses, presenting the simulations and the experimental results. An experimental validation of the shell and tube heat exchanger mathematical model was successfully developed based on a procedure proposed. The experimental results were obtained with an HEN assembled on the Chemical Engineering Laboratory located at Centro Universitario da FEI. The instrumentation was adequately performed and the signals were interconnected on PC computer by using a data acquisition card. The simulation and the experimental results with the LQR and the H-Infinity control demanded 200s. to achieve a new steady state hen disturbances or set point variation were applied on the HEN. Compared with the HEN setting time (600s.), the controllers demonstrated reasonable results to perform a disturbance rejection and a set point variation.

The work presents investigations into the development of a fuel-powered compact SMA actuator system. For the final SMA actuator, the K-alloy SMA strip (0.9 mm x 2.5 mm), actuated by a forced convection heat transfer mechanism, was embedded in a rectangular channel. In this channel, a rectangular piston, with a slot to accommodate the SMA strip, ran along the strip and was utilized to prevent mixing between the hot and the cold fluid in order to increase the energy density of the system. The fuel, such as propane, was utilized as main energy source in order to achieve high energy and power densities of the SMA actuator system. Numerical analysis was carried out to determine optimal channel geometry and to estimate maximum available force, strain and actuation frequency. Multi-channel combustor/heat exchanger and micro-tube heat exchanger were designed and tested to achieve high heat transfer rate and high compactness. The final SMA actuator system was composed of pumps, valves, bellows, multi-channel combustor/heat exchanger, micro-tube heat exchanger and control unit. The experimental tests of the final system resulted in 250 N force with 2 mm displacement and 1.0 Hz actuation frequency in closed-loop operation, in which the hot and the cold fluid were re-circulated by pumps.

The work presents investigations into the development of a fuel-powered compact SMA actuator system. For the final SMA actuator, the K-alloy SMA strip (0.9 mm x 2.5 mm), actuated by a forced convection heat transfer mechanism, was embedded in a rectangular channel. In this channel, a rectangular piston, with a slot to accommodate the SMA strip, ran along the strip and was utilized to prevent mixing between the hot and the cold fluid in order to increase the energy density of the system. The fuel, such as propane, was utilized as main energy source in order to achieve high energy and power densities of the SMA actuator system. Numerical analysis was carried out to determine optimal channel geometry and to estimate maximum available force, strain and actuation frequency. Multi-channel combustor/heat exchanger and micro-tube heat exchanger were designed and tested to achieve high heat transfer rate and high compactness. The final SMA actuator system was composed of pumps, valves, bellows, multi-channel combustor/heat exchanger, micro-tube heat exchanger and control unit. The experimental tests of the final system resulted in 250 N force with 2 mm displacement and 1.0 Hz actuation frequency in closed-loop operation, in which the hot and the cold fluid were re-circulated by pumps.

Atualmente, existe uma grande variedade de metodologias de controle que poderiam ser utilizadas e aplicadas a processos industriais. Algumas destas metodologias têm um projeto complexo, exigindo um estudo extra de engenharia para projetar um controlador com um desempenho excelente. Outros controladores não apresentam um desempenho tão bom, embora apresentem um projeto extremamente simples. Entre a mais simples e a mais complexa metodologia, existem soluções de controle intermediárias, baseadas nas teorias de controle ótimo, que apresentam uma relativa simplicidade de projeto combinada com um desempenho superior. A presente tese apresenta a aplicação de duas técnicas de controle aplicadas a uma Rede de Trocadores de Calor (RTC) com bypasses: o controle LQR (Regulador Linear Quadrático) e o controle H-Infinito, apresentando os resultados obtidos em simulação no Matlab/Simulink e também resultados experimentais. Além disso, foi desenvolvido um procedimento para a validação experimental de um modelo matemático do trocador de calor casco e tubo 1-1 proposto por NOVAZZI (2006). A obtenção dos resultados experimentais foi realizada através de uma RTC em escala piloto, projetada e construída no Laboratório de Engenharia Química do Centro Universitário da FEI, com a instrumentação necessária e devidamente interconectada a um computador PC através de uma placa de aquisição de dados. A simulação e os ensaios experimentais realizados com os controladores LQR e H-Infinito aplicados na RTC apresentaram resultados adequados quando comparados à dinâmica da RTC em malha aberta (600s.), pois exigiram em torno de 200s. para impor uma mudança de setpoint ou rejeitar os distúrbios aplicados na vazão fria e na temperatura quente de entrada. Além disso, os controladores foram capazes de eliminar as interações entre as variáveis de processo. / Nowadays, there are a lot of different control methodologies that could be used on industrial processes. Some of these methodologies have a complex design and also demands an extra engineering effort to design the controller with a superior performance. Some other controllers may not lead to a desirable performance although they are too easy to design. Midway between the simplest and the most complex controller designs, there are an intermediate solutions based on optimal control theory, that present a relative simplicity in design combined with a superior performance. The contribution of this work is to apply the LQR control (Linear Quadratic Regulator) and the H-Infinity control on a Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) with bypasses, presenting the simulations and the experimental results. An experimental validation of the shell and tube heat exchanger mathematical model was successfully developed based on a procedure proposed. The experimental results were obtained with an HEN assembled on the Chemical Engineering Laboratory located at Centro Universitario da FEI. The instrumentation was adequately performed and the signals were interconnected on PC computer by using a data acquisition card. The simulation and the experimental results with the LQR and the H-Infinity control demanded 200s. to achieve a new steady state hen disturbances or set point variation were applied on the HEN. Compared with the HEN setting time (600s.), the controllers demonstrated reasonable results to perform a disturbance rejection and a set point variation.

O modelo originalmente proposto por Navarro e Cabezas-Gómez (2005) para determinação da Efetividade térmica de trocadores de calor de fluxo cruzado, é avaliado e ampliado. Esta ampliação é extensiva para três casos particulares. No primeiro, o número de unidades de transferência (NUT) é determinado em função da efetividade térmica (E) e da razão entre as capacidades térmicas (C*). No segundo, cartas do fator de correção F para o método da média logarítmica da diferença de temperaturas (MLDT) são desenvolvidas a partir de uma associação entre os métodos E-NUT e MLDT realizada por Kays e London (1998). Os resultados obtidos são validados a partir da comparação com valores provenientes de relações analíticas de configurações conhecidas. Por último, uma análise global de trocadores de calor de fluxo cruzado com geometrias complexas é realizada através dos métodos E-NUT, MLDT, Eficiência, análise de geração de entropia e o princípio da uniformidade da diferença do campo de temperaturas. Os valores obtidos mostraram boa precisão para todas as configurações testadas, demonstrando que o presente trabalho permite analisar o desempenho de diferentes configurações de trocadores de calor de fluxo cruzado usando diversos métodos de análise. / The pattern originally proposed by Navarro and Cabezas-Gómez (2005) for cross-flow heat exchangers thermal effectiveness resolution, is analysed and extended. This extension is available in three particular cases. In the first one, the number of tranfer units (NTU) is defined in funtion of thermal effectiveness (E) and heat capacity rate ratio (C*). In the second one, charts for correction factor F for logarithm mean temperature difference (LMTD) approach are developed from a relation between E-NTU and LMTD approaches by Kays and London (1998). The obtained results are authenticated from a comparison with data from analytical expressions of traditional arrangements. For the last one, a whole analysis of crossflow heat exchangers with complex flow arrangements is realized by E-NTU, LMTD, Efficiency, analysis of entropy generation and the uniformity principle of the temperature difference field. The obtained values showed a good precision for every settings simulated, demonstrating that the present research is able to make an analysis of cross-flow heat exchangers performance in different settings using several approaches.

Diploma thesis titled Regeneration of heat and water for paper drying process analyzes use of waste hot air ventilated from drying section of paper mill. Moreover is described detailed design process of recuperation heat exchanger, which should be part of regeneration loop of paper mill. Designed heat exchanger is plate-fin crossflow heat exchanger. For deasign is used – NTU method.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of a feedwater heater. The aim of the work is to perform thermal, hydraulic and stress analysis. A preliminary technical documentation is also part of this work. The first part contains a summary of basic types of heat exchangers and processes of heat transfer. The main part is focused on thermal analysis to determine the main parameters of the heat exchanger. Next part is followed up by hydraulic analysis to determine the pressure drop of the heating water. After that is created design of heat exchanger with stress analysis of the proposed wall thicknesses of the shell, water chambers and tubesheet. Achieved results are summarized and evaluated at the end of the diploma thesis.

This thesis deals with the specific issues of designing a suitable type of heat exchanger for ventilation in a rescue habitat. The paper presents an overview of the most common types of heat exchangers and characterizes basic heat transfer mechanisms (radiation, convection). Based on the above and other knowledge, a thermal-hydraulic calculation model suitable for a regenerative heat exchanger type is compiled and the necessary calculations are performed. The thesis also contains an evaluation of the results for three materials which can be used in the production of a heat exchanger (aluminum, copper, steel).