Thesis. 1979. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Stephen Hale. / M.Arch.A.S.

Thesis. 1976. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaves 171-174. / by David W. Brown. / M.Arch.

Yee Yat Sing. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2004-2005, design report."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University. / Includes bibliographical references.

A novel method of delivering thermal energy efficiently for flow assurance and for improved heavy oil production/transport is described. The method, an improved form of magnetic induction heating, uses superparamagnetic nanoparticles that generate heat locally when exposed to a high frequency magnetic field oscillation, via a process known as Neel relaxation. This concept is currently used in biomedicine to locally heat and ablate cancerous tissues. Dependence of the rate of heat generation by commercially available, single-domain Fe3O4 nanoparticles of ~10 nm size, on the magnetic field strength and frequency was quantified. Experiments were conducted for nanoparticles dispersed in water, in hydrocarbon liquid, and embedded in a thin, solid film dubbed “nanopaint”. For a stationary fluid heat generation increases linearly with loading of nanoparticles. The rate of heat transfer from the nanopaint to a flowing fluid was up to three times greater than the heat transfer rate to a static fluid. Dispersion models indicated that the thermal conductivity of the dispersing fluid did not greatly influence the heat transfer results, whereas differences in size between hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanoparticles did. The model of static fluid in a nanopainted tube verified that the nanoparticle loading in the paint was ~30wt% and the nanopaint thickness was 600 µm. The model of flowing fluid in a nanopainted tube showed that internal mixing in the system, even at laminar flow rates, improved heat transfer to the center of the flowing fluid. A waveguide model verified the feasibility of using steel hydrocarbon transport pipelines as a means to guide electromagnetic energy to target heating locations along the pipeline if the energy is transmitted at frequencies above the cutoff frequency. Heating of nanopaint with external magnetic field application has immediate potential impact on oil and gas sector, because such coating could be applied to inner surfaces of pipelines and production facilities. A nanoparticle dispersion could also be injected into the reservoir zone or gravel pack near the production well, so that a thin, adsorbed layer of nanoparticles is created on pore walls. With localized inductive heating of those surfaces, hydrate formation or wax deposition could be prevented; and heavy oil production/transport could be improved by creating a ‘slippage layer’ on rock pore walls and inner surfaces of transport pipes. / text

M. Tech. Chemical Engineering. / Aims of this study is to determine the relationship between the temperature of the coal coke (and other mixtures) and the measured microwave impedance in the waveguide feeding the applicator.

Fjärrvärme är idag den vanligaste formen av fastighetsuppvärmning i Sverige. Förutom värmeanläggningar som byggts just för ändamålet att leverera fjärrvärme har pappers- och massaindustrin blivit en betydande aktör på marknaden i de orter där industrin finns. BillerudKorsnäs massa- och pappersbruk på Gruvön i Grums kommun levererar fjärrvärme till kommunen och till det intilliggande sågverket.   Syftet med projektet är att genom kartläggning av Gruvöns sekundärvärmesystem på barrsulfatlinjen belysa effektiviseringsmöjligheter med en ökad fjärrvärmeleverans som följd.   Målet är att upprätta en simuleringsmodell i programmet Wingems och med hjälp av den se vad dessa effektiviseringsmöjligheter kan leda till i form av ökad fjärrvärmeleverans.   Metoden i arbetet har utgått från att kartlägga energiflöden till två vattencisterner på barrsulfatlinjens sekundärvärmesystem. Driftdata för vattenflöden i sekundärvärmesystemet har inhämtats i form av flödesstorlek och temperatur, vilka har legat till grund för en simuleringsmodell i Wingems.   Sekundärvärmesystemet på barrsulfatlinjen består av en ljumvatten-cistern, en hetvatten-cistern och ett antal värmeväxlare och kondensorer. Ett av de identifierade problemenen med systemet är att temperaturen i ljumvatten-cistern är högre än den borde. Anledningen till detta är ett vattenflöde från en värmeväxlare som kyler svartlut och leds in till cisternen. Vattenflödet håller en temperatur mellan 70-75°C. Huvudkonsumenten till cisternen är en förindunstare som förses med kylvatten. Temperaturen på vattnet bör ligga på 23°C. Vid en lägre temperatur skickas hetvatten från lövsulfatlinjen att värma vattnet till 23°C, på vägen passerar hetvattnet två värmeväxlare som överför energi till fjärrvärmenätet. Med en högre temperatur i cisternen krävs ett mindre flöde att förvärma kylvattnet, vilket leder till en minskad effekt ut på fjärrvärmenätet.   Resultatet visar att genom omledning av kylvattenflödet från svartlutkylaren till hetvatten-cistern på barrsulfatlinjen kan effektöverföringen till fjärrvärmenätet öka med 3,1 MW. En alternativ lösning skulle kunna vara att kyla svartluten med 74°C vatten från hetvatten-cisternen på barrsulfatlinjen. Kylvattnet kan sedan ledas in tillbaka till hetvatten-cisternen, svartlutkylaren skulle då bli en betydande energiproducent till systemet. Simuleringar visar att denna åtgärd skulle kunna ge en potentiell ökad effektöverföring till fjärrvärmenätet med 9 MW. / District heating is the most common form of house heating in Sweden today. Apart from heating plants that has been built to the purpose, the paper and pulp industry has become a significant contributor. BillerudKorsnäs paper and pulp mill at Gruvön in Grums municipality delivers district heating both to the residents in Grums and the nearby sawmill.   However it has been observed that the amount of energy transferred to the district heating network has been reduced after several redevelopments and new installations at the mill. The purpose with this report is through mapping of the mills secondary heating system find efficiency opportunities that will lead to an increased delivery of district heating. The goal is to develop a simulation model with the software Wingems and with the model make simulations to see the amount of increased district heating the efficiency opportunities may lead to.   To achieve this, the method has been to map the energy flow to and from two water tanks in the secondary heating system in the mills softwood line. Input data for streams in the secondary heating system has been gathered, and these have then been used to construct the simulation model.   The part of the secondary heating system that is located at the mills softwood line consists of one lukewarm water tank, one tank that contains hot water and several heat exchangers and condensers. One of the identified problems with the system is that the temperature in the lukewarm water tank is higher than it should be. The main consumer of the water tank is a pre-evaporator that is using water at the temperature of 23°C to condense some of the flash steam it produces. If the temperature of the water in the tank is below 23°C, hot water from the hardwood line is being pumped to heat the water to the pre-evaporator. The hot water passes two heat exchangers that transfer some of the energy to the district heating system. A higher temperature of the water in the lukewarm tank leads therefore to a smaller flow through the heat exchangers that in turn leads to a lower delivery of district heating.   The reason to the higher temperature in the lukewarm tank is a heat exchanger that cools black liquor from the pre-evaporator. The heated water used to cool the black liquor has a temperature between 70°C to 75°C. This water is being led to the lukewarm tank and is the main reason that the temperature in the tank is higher than designed. The results show that a rerouting of the heat exchangers cooling water to the tank containing hot water could lead to a 3,1 MW increased power transfer to the district heating network. Redesigning the heat exchanger to use water from the hot water tank to cool the black liquor and then lead the even hotter water back to the tank could lead to a 9 MW increased power transfer.

Solar energy constitutes one of the main alternatives for facing the energy problems of the future, taking into account the foreseeable depletion of the fossil fuels. Transpired solar air collectors are relatively simple alternatives, which do not need a continuous supervision and are mostly maintenance free. Their life cycle is relatively high, around 25 years, and the total investment can be fully recovered in the short-term. The aim of this master’s thesis is to analyze the feasibility of installing transpired solar air collectors as secondary systems in big industrial buildings, for heating purposes. The collectors would be designed for compensating the heat losses of a building which is mainly heated up by a heat pump system. Precisely, this work tries to evaluate the profitability of installing these collectors in Gävle, taking into account the particularities of this location in the considered study. This project work is focused on testing if these systems can provide enough thermal energy for heating up big-sized industrial buildings. For this purpose, firstly, the heat demand of the building for each month was calculated; secondly, the maximum output from the collector was estimated, using WINSUN simulator; and, finally, the energy difference that had to be covered by the main system was calculated. Once this was done, the yearly running cost for the main system and the total investment for the transpired air solar collector were estimated. Due to the lack of experimental data, the obtained results can only be taken as approximations. All the calculations and estimations have been made using WINSUN, a simulator that has been configured according to the particularities of the project. The results show that the solar collector provides a total thermal output of 29.700 kWh/year (system which has a total investment of 77.000 SEK). The total heat demand of the building is estimated to be of 87.100 kWh/year, being 51.800 kWh/year fulfilled by the heat pump system (which has a yearly running cost of 24.000 SEK/year). The collector has an average efficiency of 51,04%.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Washington State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.