In this study, the amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina were evaluated as test organisms for use in sediment toxicity tests by adapting standard protocols developed by the EPA/COE and Thain et al. (1994) respectively for conducting 10-day sediment toxicity tests. Although these species have been used to assess the toxicity of marine and estuarine sediments, the detailed ecotoxicologies of these animals are not well documented. In particular, the effects of specific contaminants of known concentrations on this bioassay are not known. Here, I report several experiments carried out using clean intertidal sediment contaminated with the heavy metals copper, zinc and cadmium, and employing the Corophium and the Arenicola bioassay protocol. Concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium were determined in tissues of Corophium exposed for 4 and 10 days to contaminated sediment using four protocols to allow for any material present in the gut. Significant differences in metal concentrations occurred between the protocols where gut contents were removed and those where they were left intact. These findings have implications for the way in which analyses of metal burdens are carried out for invertebrates in ecotoxicological work. Corophium survival in seawater with dissolved copper, zinc and cadmium was higher in the presence of sediment than without sediment, although the concentrations of these metals in Corophium tissues were the same in both cases. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were inversely related to seawater concentrations of copper, zinc and cadium, with the lowest exposure concentration, (0.1 mg l-1 for both copper and zinc, 0.01 mg l-1 cadmium) having the highest BCF. Both live amphipods and those that had died accumulated copper, zinc and cadmium in their bodies during the bioassay, and bioconcentration factors were always higher for dead than for living amphipods for each metal.

Barytes (the naturally occurring BaSO4) is used as the standard densification agent in drilling fluids world-wide. It increases the density of the drilling fluids for control of formation pressures. It has been highlighted as a major source of toxic heavy metals input in the oil and gas industry. Large scale use in the offshore oil well drilling operations and subsequent discharges of spent drilling fluids containing barytes to the marine environment have raised concerns regarding the potential for bioaccumulation in marine biota of the toxic heavy metals and the possible human health risks. Various analytical and biological aspects of barytes regarding chemistry, analytical methodology, toxicity and heavy metal bioavailability have been thoroughly investigated in this study. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) confirms the presence of a number of minerals including barite, galena, anglesite, pyrite, sphalerite, zincite, quartz, barium feldspar, hematite, anhydrite, orthoclase, silicates, mixed minerals in barytes. Quantitative strontium and calcium as part of the crystal lattice whereas other trace heavy metals occur as associated minerals. Image analysis shows that the bulk of barium in barytes corresponds to the mineral barite (BaSO4), however, a small quantity of barium was found to be associated with silicon which confirmed the presence of barium feldspar. The presence of toxic heavy metals such as Cu, Ni, V, Co, Cr, Cd, Bi, Ti, Hg, Te, Sn, Sb, As etc. in barytes is likely to be as inclusions or substitutions in sulphide minerals associated with barite. Mineralogical studies suggest that barytes is not the traditionally inert BaSO4 but, rather, a potentially toxic substance due to its associated toxic heavy metal impurities. Comparative studies on the performance of chemical dissolution procedures such as sodium carbonate fusion, aqua regia digestion, aqua regia /HF digestion and a non-destructive technique, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry shows that sodium carbonate fusion procedure is the best method for the determination of barium in different types of barytes. DTPA and EDTA extractibilities for barium at pHs 12.6 and 10.8 respectively (25oC) were found to be low even though predictions based on thermodynamic data had suggested that BaSO4 should be soluble.

Foram medidas distribuições angulares e funções de excitação do espalhamento de íons de ANTPOT. 16 O e ANTPOT. 18 O por ANTPOT. 92 Zr a energias Incidentes em torno da barreira Coulombiana, visando estudar a interferência nuclear-Coulombiana na excitação inelástica dos estados 2+ (0.934 MeV), 2 IND. 2+ (1.847 MeV) e 3- (2.340 MeV) do ANTPOT. 92 Zr, bem como na excitação do estado 2+ (1.962 MeV) do ANTPOT. 16 O, Além do espalhamento elástico e dos inelásticos, foram também observadas as reações (ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 15 N) e ( ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 17 O), com Intensidades comparáveis as das transições inelásticas. Foram obtidas distribuições angulares e funções de excitação também para estas reações. Os resultados experimentais foram analisados com cálculos utilizando a aproximação de Born com ondas distorcidas (DWBA) e com o formalismo de canais acoplados. A análise das distribuições angulares mostra que o padrão da interferência nuclear-Coulombiana na excitação do estado 2+ do ANTPOT. 92 zr, tanto por ANTPOT. 16 O como por ANTPOT. 18 O, somente pôde ser reproduzida introduzindo um forte termo de reorientação nuclear, e ao mesmo tempo uma intensidade de transição nuclear multo maior do que o que seria esperado dos valores de B(E2). A Introdução de reorientação no estado 3- também permitiu melhor ajuste a distribuição angular deste estado. A análise da função de excitação do estado 2+ do ANTPOT. 92 Zr mostra que, para ajustar a região da Interferência nuclear-Coulombiana, é necessário Introduzir um termo de acoplamento dependente da energia incidente. Para as reações de transferência, foi obtido um ajuste multo bom, com DWBA, para a reação (ANTPOT. 16 O, ANTPOT. 15 N). Para a reação (ANTPOT. 18 O, ANTPOT. 17 O), entretanto, encontrou-se grande discrepância entre os calculas DWBA e os dados experimentais são discutidas as possíveis origens de tais comportamentos fora dos \"padrões tradicionais\". / Angular distributions and excitation functions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 16,18 O by 92 Zr were measured at energies in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier, in order to study the Coulomb-nuclear Interference in the excitation of the 2+ (0.93\"1 MeV), 2 2+ (1.847 MeV) and 3- (2.340 MeV) states of 92 Zr, as well as In the excitation of the 2+ (1.982 MeV) state of 18 O. Besides the elastic and inelastic scattering, the transfer reactions ( 16O, 15N) and (18O, 17O) were also observed, with Intensities comparable to the Inelastic excitations. Angular distributions and excitation functions were thus obtained for these reactions as well. The experimental results were analyzed with DWBA and coupled channels calculations. The results from the analysis of the angular distributions show that the Coulomb-nuclear interference pattern in the 92 Zr (2+) excitation, both by 16 O and 18 O, could only be reproduced by Introducing a strong nuclear reorientation term, and at the same time a nuclear transition coupling much stronger than what would be expected from the B(E2) values. The Introduction of a nuclear reorientation term In the 3- excitation also lended to a better fit in the 3- angular distribution. The results of the analysis of the Zr(2+) excitation function shows that It is necessary to introduce an energy dependent coupling term In order to fit the Coulomb-nuclear Interference pattern. For the transfer reactions It was seen that DWBA can describe very well the ( 16O, 15N) angular distribution. For the (18O,17O) reaction, however, great discrepancies were found between the DWBA calculations and the experimental data. The possible origins of such \"uncommon\" behavior are discussed.

重離子核聚變是一種能源技術，它有可能為人類未來提供無限的潔淨能源。通過高能粒子撞擊含高濃度氘和氚的目標，從而產生強大的壓縮衝擊波，最終引發氘和氚核子聚變並釋放出巨大核能。在過去的幾十年裡，從離子注入到核反應控制技術，以至於整個重離子核聚變的基本概念都得到迅速的發展。其中一個重要的核聚變條件就是要求非常低的離子束的縱向發射度。 / 在論文的第一部分，我們研發了一種TSC 技術，它可以減少因粒子加速器的電壓變化而引起的縱向發射度增長。通過數值模擬，結果表明離子束的縱向發射度得到了約89% 的降低。如果把TSC 技術應用於重離子核聚變，離子束的縱向發射度就可以有效地被降低，從而促進更高效的核聚變反應。在論文的第二部分，我們以離子束的電流信號分析為基礎，研發了一種非干擾性的離子束能量測量方法。對於傳統干擾性的離子束能量測量，這種強調非干擾性的測量方法對未來重離子核聚變實驗以及高能粒子加速器研發都有實質的應用價值。在論文的第三部分，我們從NDCX 實驗數據分析中，證實離子束的電流信號能夠有效地揭示離子束微弱的能量變化。這個實驗結果相應肯定了論文第二部分的電流信號分析處理方法。在論文的第四部分，我們模擬在真實的NDCX 環境下測試TSC 技術。模擬結果表明TSC 技術可有效地把離子束的縱向發射度減少近89% ，從而證明了TSC 技術在實際應用中的能力。在論文的最後部分，我們在強電流離子束的一維波動行為中引入橫縱向稱合分析，解釋了一維波動行為與數值模擬結果之間的細小偏差。 / Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) is a technology that has the potential to provide an unlimited source of clean energy for human future. HIF works by shooting at a capsule containing Deuterium and Tritium with energetic heavy ion beams such that the huge amount of kinetic energy carried by the ions is converted into strong compression shock waves. DT fuel is then compressed to form a high temperature and high density hotspot at the center of the capsule, thus igniting nuclear fusion between Deuterium and Tritium. Over the past few decades, the fundamental concepts of HIF had been tested in scaled ex¬periments from the source injection to the reaction chamber. To achieve the highest performance of ignition, ion beams with low longitudinal emittance is demanded. / In the first part of the thesis, we developed a novel Two-Step Correction (TSC) technique to reduce the growth of longitudinal emittance in an induc¬tion linac driver caused by variations in acceleration gap voltages. Through numerical studies, we achieved a reduction of longitudinal emittance by about 89% for high perveance ion beams. As a spinoff from the formalism developed in this study, we developed in the second part of the thesis a new non-invasive approach for the measurement of ion beam energy. The proposed diagnostics may have practical utility for future HIF experiments, particularly as higher energy accelerators are developed. It works by a generalized time-of-flight method, using two adjacent beam current signals to reconstruct the beam velocity profile. In the third part of the thesis, we verified that beam current signals are capable to reveal small beam energy variations by an NDCX-I experiment performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The result of this experiment confirms the formalism of the new non-invasive approach for the ion beam energy determination based on beam current signal analysis. In order to verify the effectiveness of TSC in real drivers, we proposed a new NDCX-I experiment in the fourth part of the thesis to test the limitations and performance of the correction technique in real environment. Through simulations with real driver features considered, a reduction of 89% of longitudinal emittance was observed, which confirms the ability of TSC in real applications. In the last part of the thesis, we revealed the limitation of the 1-D cold fluid model deployed in our analysis of space-charge waves for high perveance ion beams. We showed that inaccuracies are caused by transverse-longitudinal coupling which could be included in the wave equation for space-charge dominated beams. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Woo, Ka Ming = 抑制由粒子加速器的電壓變化所引起的縱向發射度 / 胡家明. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-156). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Woo, Ka Ming = Yi zhi you li zi jia su qi de dian ya bian hua suo yin qi de zong xiang fa she du / Hu Jiaming. / Abstract --- p.ii / 概論 --- p.iv / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Highlight --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Introduction to fusion energy --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Fusion technology --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Magnetic confinement fusions --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Inertial confinement fusions --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Inertia confinement fusion --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Principle of ICF --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Implosion dynamics --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Rayleigh-Taylor instability --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Fast ignition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Heavy Ion Fusion --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Comparison between laser and heavy ion driven fusions --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Linear Induction Accelerator --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6 --- Operation of a HIF driver --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Source injection --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Transport of ion beams --- p.21 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Acceleration of ion beams --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Neutralized drift longitudinal compression --- p.24 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- Target chamber --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7 --- Transverse beam dynamics --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Beam envelope equation --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Matched beams solutions --- p.29 / Chapter 2.8 --- Longitudinal beam dynamics --- p.30 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Cold plasma model --- p.30 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Self longitudinal electric field --- p.32 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Longitudinal emittance --- p.34 / Chapter 2.9 --- Intense ion beam simulation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Particle-In-Cell method --- p.35 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- WARP code --- p.36 / Chapter 2.10 --- Conclusion --- p.37 / Chapter 3 --- Techniques for correcting velocity and density fluctuations of ion beams --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Highlight --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- The quest for short-pulse length ion beams --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Applications of short-pulse ion beams --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Consequence of the growth of longitudinal emittance --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of gap voltage variation on εzn --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Description of simulation scenario --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The coasting of an unperturbed ion beam and a velocitytilt beam --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of many constant voltage gaps --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of non-uniform voltage gap --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- One-step correction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Criteria for the one-step correction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Space-charge dominated beams --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5 --- Two-step correction --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Principle of two-step correction --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Result of two-step correction --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.62 / Chapter 4 --- A new non-invasive approach for the measurement of ion beam energy --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Highlight --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Introduction --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3 --- Derivation of the ion beam energy based on two current signals --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Obtaining the time evolution of the beam current --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Deriving the beam energy profile --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Obtaining the average velocity --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4 --- Checking the beam energy profile with 3-D PIC simulations --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Determination of the average velocity --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Computation of the beam energy profile --- p.74 / Chapter 4.5 --- Signal magnification --- p.74 / Chapter 4.6 --- Error propagations --- p.77 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.81 / Chapter 5 --- Experimental verification of the beam current signal amplification --- p.83 / Chapter 5.1 --- Highlight --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2 --- Introduction to NDCX-I --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3 --- Design of the NDCX-I experiment --- p.88 / Chapter 5.4 --- Voltage profiles applied at the source plate --- p.90 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Marx voltage profile --- p.90 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Voltage modulation --- p.91 / Chapter 5.5 --- Signal amplification of beam currents measured at the Faraday cup --- p.92 / Chapter 5.6 --- Modeling of the space-charge wave propagation --- p.94 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Solving for the line-charge density profile at the source plate --- p.94 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Procedure of space-charge wave modeling --- p.99 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.101 / Chapter 6 --- Implementation of Two-Step Correction in NDCX-I --- p.103 / Chapter 6.1 --- Highlight --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2 --- Application of the current signal analysis to the Two-Step Correction --- p.104 / Chapter 6.3 --- Proposal of the new NDCX-I experiment --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Design of the beamline --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Description of the simulation scenario --- p.110 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Result of the Two-Step Correction simulation --- p.114 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.126 / Chapter 7 --- Transverse-Longitudinal coupling in the wave equation --- p.128 / Chapter 7.1 --- Highlight --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2 --- Phenomenological study of residue --- p.129 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Description of the simulation scenario --- p.129 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Modeling of the velocity wave --- p.131 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Phenomenon of residue --- p.133 / Chapter 7.3 --- Review of the space-charge wave equation --- p.141 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Fluid description of ion beams --- p.141 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Beam envelope perturbation --- p.145 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.149 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.150 / Bibliography --- p.153

A estrutura nuclear do primeiro estado excitado do ANTPOT.64 Zn (J POT.= 2 POT.+, E IND.X = 0.992 MeV) foi estudada através de medidas do efeito de reorientação neste núcleo, e de distribuições angulares e funções de excitação do espalhamento de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O por ANTPOT.64 Zn na região de interferência nuclear-coulombiana. Foram investigados os processos de interação do núcleo ANTPOT.64 Zn com os íons ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O no espalhamento inelástico sem e com excitação do projétil. O efeito de reorientação na excitação coulombiana observado através do retroespalhamento de ANTPOT.4 He, ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O, permitiu a determinação precisa da probabilidade reduzida de transição B(E2; O POT.+ 2 POT.+) e do momento de quadrupolo estático Q IND.2+ do primeiro estado excitado do ANTPOT.64 Zn. As distribuições angulares e funções de excitação experimentais do espalhamento elástico de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O por ANTPOT.64 Zn foram analisadas com o modelo óptico. Os resultados experimentais do espalhamento inelástico de ANTPOT.16 O e ANTPOT.18 O pelo mesmo núcleo, na região de interferência nuclear-coulombiana, foram analisados com a aproximação de Born com ondas distorcidas (DWBA) e considerando o acoplamento de canais, com fator de forma do modelo coletivo. Foram determinados os parâmetros de deformação nuclear do primeiro estado excitado 2 POT.+ do ANTPOT.64 Zn e do ANTPOT.18 O. / he nuclear structure of the first excited state of 64Zn (J=2+, Ex=0.992MeV) was studied by measuring the reorientation effect in this nucleus, the angular distributions and excitation functions of 16O and 18O scattering by 64Zn, in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region. The interaction processes between the 64Zn nucleus and the 16O and 18O ions in the inelastic scattering, with and without projectile excitation, were also investigated. The reorientation effect in Coulomb excitation, observed through backscattering of 4He, 16O and 18O ions, allowed a precise determination of the reduced transition probability B(E2; O+ 2+) and the static quadrupole moment Q2+ of the first excited state of 64Zn. Analyses of the angular distributions and excitation functions, obtained for the elastic scattering of 16O and18O by 64Zn, were performed in terms of the optical model. The experimental results fot the inelastic scattering of 16O and 18O by the same nucleus, in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region, were analysed by means of both distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and channel coupling with a collective form factor. Nuclear deformation parameters were thus determined for the 2+1 state of 64Zn and of 180.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1970. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-38).

This research is a study of the in-situ upgrading of Jobo crude oil using steam, tetralin or decalin, and catalyst (Fe(acac)₃) at temperatures of 250 °C, 275 °C and 300 °C for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours using an autoclave. Viscosity, API gravity and compositional changes were investigated. We found that tetralin and decalin alone were good solvents for heavy oil recovery. Tetralin or decalin at concentrations of 9% (weight basis) could reduce the Jobo crude oil viscosity measured at 50 °C by 44±2% and 39±3%. Steam alone had some upgrading effects. It could reduce the oil viscosity by 10% after 48 hours of contact at 300°C. Tetralin, decalin or catalyst showed some upgrading effects when used together with steam and caused 5.4±4%, 4±1% and 19±3% viscosity reduction compared with corresponding pre-upgrading mixture after 48 hours of reaction at 300°C. The combination of hydrogen donor tetralin or decalin and catalyst reduced the viscosity of the mixture the most, by 56±1% and 72±1% compared with pre-upgrading mixture. It meant that hydrogen donors and catalyst had strong synergetic effects on heavy oil upgrading. We also found that 300 °C was an effective temperature for heavy oil upgrading with obvious viscosity reduction in the presence of steam, hydrogen donors and catalyst. Reaction can be considered to have reached almost equilibrium condition after 48 hours. The GC-MS analysis of the gas component showed that light hydrocarbon gases and CO₂ were generated after reaction. The viscosity reduction from decalin use is larger than that of tetralin because decalin has more hydrogen atoms per molecule than tetralin. A mechanism of transferring H (hydrogen atom) from H₂O and hydrogen donors to heavy oil, which can lead to structure and composition changes in heavy oil, is explained. The study has demonstrated that in-situ heavy oil upgrading has great potential applications in heavy and extra heavy oil recovery.

This research collected surface (<15 cm) sediments from estuarine and coastal zones off southwestern Taiwan. Basic sediment parameters, including grain size, and total organic carbon (TOC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) concentrations were analyzed. For heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn), total metal concentrations and metal fractions separated by sequential extraction techniques were determined. This study also obtained several previously collected sediment cores in the Gaoping Canyon area that had been dated by other researchers. Results obtained in this study are used in order to understand the distribution patterns of heavy metals in coastal sediments off southwestern Taiwan, and related to regional environmental changes regarding heavy metals. The distribution of heavy metal fractions and their geochemical significances were studied. Results obtained in this study indicate that physicochemical characteristics of sediments largely affected heavy metal distribution in coastal sediments off southwestern Taiwan. Regional flow patterns contributed to the observed distribution patterns. Higher heavy metal concentrations were found in sediments collected near the Gaoping river mouth, the Gaoping Canyon and its nearby continental slope, and a narrow banded offshore region off the Anping-Tainan urban areas. These results reflect the distribution of fine-grained sediments in the studied area. Vertical profiles of heavy metals in four dated cores showed drastic increases of heavy metal concentrations since 1995-2000, and some extent of decreases during 2003-2006 in two of the cores. Although actions of environmental protection regarding heavy metal pollution had taken place in this region, decreases in sediment heavy metals were mostly attributed to episodic typhoon and possibly sediment slumping events. With the recently intensified landslides and mud flows in the upper reaches of the river that would bring upstream soils and particles to the estuarine region, leading to the decrease of metal concentrations in the Gaoping estuarine sediments, a more significant decreasing trend in sediment metal concentrations can be speculated for the future.

Experimental and analytical studies have been carried out to better understand the effects of additives on viscosity, density and surface tension of intermediate and heavy crude oils. The studies have been conducted for the following oil samples: San Francisco oil from Columbia with specific gravity of 28o-29o API, Duri oil with gravity of 19o-21o API, Jobo oil with gravity of 8o-9o API and San Ardo oil gravity of 11o-13o API. The additive used in all of the experiments is petroleum distillate. The experiments consist of using petroleum distillate as an additive for different samples of heavy crude oils. The experiments include making a mixture by adding petroleum distillate to oil samples and measuring surface tension, viscosity and density of pure oil samples and mixtures at different temperatures. The petroleum distillate/oil ratios are the following ratios: 1:100, 2:100, 3:100, 4:100 and 5:100. Experimental results showed that use of petroleum distillate as an additive increases API gravity and leads to reduction in viscosity and surface tension for all the samples. Results showed for all petroleum distillate/oil ratios viscosity and interfacial tension decreases with temperature. As petroleum distillate/oil ratio increases, oil viscosity and surface tension decrease more significantly at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. After all experiments were completed an analytical correlation was done based on the experiment results to develop “mixing rules”. Using this correlation viscosity, density and surface tension of different petroleum distillate/oil mixtures were obtained (output).These had properties of pure oil and petroleum distillate, mixture ratios and temperatures at which measurement is supposed to be done (output). Using this correlation a good match was achieved. For all of the cases (viscosity, density and surface tension), correlation coefficient (R²) was more than 0.9 which proved to be optimum for a really good match.

Abstract The aim of this study investigated the metal bioaccumulation in the cetaceans from the Taiwanese coastal waters. The differences of metal concentrations in the small dolphins between species, sex and sampling location were examined. The results were compared to the data all over the world to understand the pollution status in the western Pacific. Accordingly specimens-bank was established. Furthermore, the correlations between the size/age and metal concentrations were investigated in Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris and Neophocaena phocaenoides. This study cooperated with the Cetacean Research Laboratory leading by the Prof. L. S. Chou, Dept. of Zoology, National Taiwan University. The samples included 8 species of 83 individuals accidentally caught and stranded around Taiwan in 1994-1995. The 8 species included Delphinus delphin, Grampus grieus, Lagenodelphis hoseei, Stenella attenuata, S. coeruleoalba, S. longirostris, Steno bredanensis, Tursiops truncatus. In addition, one Kogia simus stranded in 1998 and two Neophocaena phocaenoides accidentaly caught in 2000 were used to examine the variation of metal bioaccumulation in the muscles at different parts of body. The tissues of muscle, liver and lung were used for analysis of Ag, As, Cd , Co, Cu, Fe, total Hg, organic Hg, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn. The flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was used in analysis of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The cold vapor AAS and graphite furnace AAS were used for determination of Hg and Cd, respectively. ICP-MASS were used in measurements of Ag, As, Co and Se. The differences of metal bioaccumulation in muscles of different species were element ally depend. As, Fe, total Hg, organic Hg, Se and Zn presented significant species differences. Highest Fe (147 mg/Kg wet wt), total Hg (16.9), organic Hg (5.65), and Se (4.62) were found in Lagenodelpnis hosei, whereas highest As (2.92) and Zn (24.1) were found in Grampus griseus and Tursiops truncatus. However, lowest As (0.29), and Se (0.76) were found in Tursiops truncatus. Lowest Fe (90), organic Hg (0.93), total Hg (1.0) and Zn (10.16) were found in Delphinus delphis, Delphinus delphis, Steno bredanensis, and Stenella longirostris. No species differences were found in the muscle concentrations of Ag, Cu, Cd, Co, Mn and Ni. Except organic Hg found highest in muscle. The concentrations of rest elements were found highest in liver and lowest in muscle. There was no significant difference of metal bioaccumulation found in male and female Stenella attenuata. The correlations between the size/age and metal concentrations in muscle were found in Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris and Neophocaena phocaenoides. The relationships were significant in total Hg, oranic Hg and Se of Stenella attenuata, whereas in orangic Hg, Se and Zn of Stenella longirostris and Neophocaena phocaenoides. The metal concentrations found in this study were mostly equal to or lower than those records all over the world. Furthermore, by comparison the total Hg of Stenella attenuata, S. coeruleoalba and Tursiops truncatus with those data found in elsewhere. The total Hg levels in this study were slightly higher than that of eastern Pacific, but much lower than that of Mediterranean of Italy and France, Atlantic and Japan. These findings suggest that the metal concentrations found in this study representing the baseline metal concentration of western Pacific. Based on this, no specific sight of pollution was found in the coastal waters off Taiwan.