Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-110). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Bowling Green State University, 2006. / Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 184 p. Includes bibliographical references.

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Bottom sediment (0 -5 cm) along the Banjir Kanal Barat (Garang River) and Babon Rivers which are situated in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia were analyzed for their trace/heavy metals content Eight elements namely Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb ), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Manganese (Mn) were investigated. Their concentrations provide information related to the industrial and municipal discharge. There are serious concerns about the contamination in the study area, and previous studies found some elevated concentration of several metals (trace elements). Total metal analyses of the fine (< 63 μm) sediment fraction by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer using strong acid digestion indicated high (Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mn) metal contamination. Weak acid digestion of total sediments (whole fraction) showed relatively low Cd to moderately (Cu, Cr, and Pb) levels. High Iron concentration was detected using X-RF Fluorescence. The result of trace/heavy metal and sediment characteristic analyses were statistically processed by Spearman's Rank Correlation analyses. In the Babon River, weak acid digestion results found a strong correlation between organic carbon and Chromium. Sediment characteristics, particularly in terms of organic carbon, appeared to be the primary factor controlling metal concentration. In Babon River, strong acid digestion showed that most metals were highly correlated with Mn (𝘱 < 0.05) , except Zn. In Banjir Kanal Barat River, weak acid digestion results show that Copper (Cu) was highly correlated with organic carbon. From strong acid digestion results significant relationship was found between Zn and Mn (𝘱 < 0.05) . Analyses of surficial sediment in Banjir Kanal Barat River demonstrate very little significant correlation between metals and sediment characteristics. This condition probably reflected the diverse nature of metal input into the system, either originated from point or non-point sources. However, statistical (t-test) analyses suggested that there were contamination of Ni, Cu, and Zn in both rivers. Most of these values exceeded the Canadian Standard/Guidelines for contaminated soils and sediments. In addition, t-test result also showed different levels of contamination between Banjir Kanal Barat and Babon Rivers. Mean values indicated higher contamination in Banjir Kanal Barat River compared to Babon river. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

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This study was initiated to overview the sediment contaminant monitoring data of Kaohsiung Harbour areas collected between 92-97 for assessing the discharge sources of pollution and manipulating the effective management on the dredging of sediment. The harbour areas are surrounded with major industry and become the receiving sites with sewages from the populated city besides the shipping activities. These have impacted the harbour environment and its development for competing against other world shipping harbours. The present research intends to evaluate the proper strategy for dealing with the reduction of pollution source to prevent from further complicated environmental impacts. Approaches for the data assessment include the distribution of heavy metal concentration and its types of contaminants associated the discharge of industrial sources. A total of 20 monitoring stations were examined for the interrelation of metals. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of heavy metals in sediment result shows specific site related contaminant point sources and the localization of pollution at the enclosed areas. Lowest contaminant concentrations were observed at the exit of harbour, area A. The B Area including the estuary of Love River, between Love River and the fifth ship irrigation ditch, and the fifth ship irrigation ditch, dominated the highest element concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Al. The C area, including the former town river to the sea, had highest Cr concentration.The sources of pollution are related to electrical plating, metal polishing factory, leather industries and other industrial production. The D area including the heavy industries i.e., Taiwan Ship Building, Taiwan Steel Manufacturing, Ta-Lin Power Station and the major shipping channel, had the highest Cu concentrations. Similarly the E area as the A area, located at the end exit of harbour, had the lowest metal concentrations. These two areas are more subjected to the tide flow than the other survey stations (B, C, D areas) which have the highest contaminant concentrations. Although the harbour authority has carried out the dredging and monitoring annually, there is no enforcement on regulating the discharge of contaminants from the surrounding industrial sites or the lack of the appropriate strategy of pollution reduction for incorporating with the clean up program. This is owing to the non unified authorization between the municipality and harbour bureau. The present study suggests that four steps are needed to cope with harbour sediment contamination to achieve the sustainable harbour development; 1. appropriate pollution reduction program, 2.long term environmental monitoring, 3.an unified authority and 4.a sediment management strategy with proper guidelines to prevent from land based pollution source discharge.