Thesis (Ph. D.)--Bob Jones University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 296-312) and index.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, 2004. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-139).

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to make a contribution to the formulation of a set of guidelines for an acceptable poetic translation of a sacred poetic text. To achieve this definition, a thorough review of current translation theory and practice is conducted, a specific model for translating poetry is presented, two English poems are created by using the principles of the model, and these two poems are evaluatively tested against other English translations. Wendland‘s LiFE methodology combines a literary/rhetorical approach, Skopostheorie and functionalist approaches, relevance theory, cognitive linguistics, an equivalence methodology, and a respect for sacred texts. The re-sculpting model builds upon Wendland‘s approach, particularly emphasizing insights gained from analyzing literary translations of non-Biblical texts, a narrow view of translating, and the care needed when working with a sacred text. To create a poetic sacred text, three kinds of guidelines are proposed concerning: project definition, determination of acceptability, and re-sculpting. Project definition – This involves pre-project planning and research. The results of this research will enable one to specify the communicative purpose for the translation (Skopos) and to formulate a range of agreements (translation brief) that guides all aspects of the project. Determination of acceptability – Following Beekman-Callow‘s model, a basic two-fold guideline of source text accuracy and target group acceptability is adopted to avoid extreme literalness and unduly free translating. Other recommendations for achieving this dual guideline are given through strategic planning, collaboration, communication, and effective training. Re-sculpting – A metaphorical term ―re-sculpting‖ was created. The proposed definition of re-sculpting is: ―a moderately re-structured and meaning-based translation of a poetic sacred text based on theological, thematic, and other literary/rhetorical concerns‖. By working within a slightly larger semantic range, a translator has room to be creative. For example, one can re-structure over two or three lines of Hebrew poetry rather than being restricted to a single line. However, very broad re-creations of a text (e.g., restructuring an entire long poem) are not recommended in a re-sculpting approach. A narrow definition of translation is proposed that distinguishes ―translation proper‖ (where a conservative grammatical-historical hermeneutic is applied) from more extreme approaches such as excessive adaptation or excessive paraphrase. Wendland‘s ten step literary/rhetorical method of analysis is applied to Psalm 131 and Psalm 150, and two re-sculpted poems are created. Each of these poems is evaluatively compared with five other English versions, and a survey is conducted to determine how readers rate these various translations. Results of the survey show that both of the re-sculpted poems are viewed as very acceptable and poetic. Although a relatively small sample of readers was used in the survey, it is reasonable to argue, at least tentatively, that re-sculpting appears to be a valid and useful method to consider in the translation of sacred poetic texts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om ʼn bydrae te maak tot die definiëring van riglyne vir die maak van ʼn aanvaarbare vertaling van ʼn godsdienstige poëtiese teks. Vir hierdie doel is ʼn indringende ondersoek na huidige tendense in die teorie en praktyk van vertaling geloods en ʼn model vir die vertaling van poësie geformuleer. Daarna is twee Engelse gedigte in terme van hierdie model geskep en beoordeel in die lig van ander Engelse vertalings van dieselfde twee gedigte. Wendland se LiFE (literêr-funksioneelekwivalente) model kombineer ʼn literêr/retoriese benadering met Skoposteorie en ander funksionalistiese benaderings, relevansieteorie en kognitiewe taalkunde. In die model word ekwivalensie aan die bronteks nagestreef terwyl die aard van ʼn godsdienstige teks gerespekteer word. Die ―resculpting model‖ bou voort op Wendland se benadering. Dit beklemtoon veral die insigte wat verkry word deur die analise van die literêre vertalings van nie-Bybelse tekste, ʼn eng opvatting van vertaling en die sensitiwiteit wat nodig is wanneer ʼn godsdienstige teks vertaal word. Vir die skep ʼn godsdienstige poëtiese teks word drie soorte riglyne voorgestel: definisie van die project, bepaling van aanvaarbaarheid en ―re-sculpting‖. Definisie van die projek – Dit behels voorafbeplanning en navorsing. Die bevindings van die navorsing maak die identifisering van die kommunikatiewe doel (Skopos) van die vertaling moontlik, asook die formulering van ʼn vertaalopdrag. In laasgenoemde word ʼn aantal afsprake wat alle aspekte van die projek rig, geformuleer. Bepaling van aanvaarbaarheid – In navolging van Beekman-Callow word die vermyding van, aan die een kant, ekstreem letterlike en, aan die ander kant, onnodig vrye vertaalkeuses as ʼn basiese tweeledige riglyn vir aanvaarbaarheid beskou. ʼn Verdere manier om aanvaarbaarheid te verseker is deur middel van strategiese beplanning, samewerking, kommunikasie en effektiewe opleiding. ―Re-sculpting‖ – ʼn Model van ―re-sculpting‖ word voorgestel. ―Re-sculpting‖ is ʼn metafoor wat geskep is en wat beskryf kan word as ―ʼn gematigde hergestruktureerde en betekenis-geörienteerde vertaling van ʼn poëtiese godsdienstige teks wat berus op teologiese, tematiese en ander literêre/retoriese oorwegings‖. Deur met ʼn effense breër semantiese horison as een kolon te werk (in Hebreeus, tipies op die vlak van die bi-kolon of tri-kolon), het ʼn vertaler ruimte om kreatief te wees. Herskeppings op ʼn breër vlak (byvoorbeeld, die hele gedig), word nie in terme van hierdie model aanbeveel nie. ʼn Eng definisie van vertaling (wat op grammaties-historiese hermeneutiek berus en waarin waarde geheg word aan historiese geloofwaardigheid) word aanbeveel. Hierdie opvatting van vertaling word onderskei van meer ekstreme benaderings waarin selfs verwerkings en parafrases van 'n bronteks as vertalings beskou word. Wendland se retories/literêre analise in tien stappe word gebruik om Psalm 131 en 150 te ontleed. Twee ―re-sculpted‖ gedigte word geskep. Elk van hierdie gedigte word met vyf ander vertalings vergelyk en ʼn ondersoek word geloods om te bepaal hoe lesers die verskillende vertalings beöordeel. Daar word bevind dat lesers beide hierdie ―re-sculpted‖ gedigte as heel aanvaarbaar en poëties beskou. Alhoewel die relatief klein aantal lesers wat in die ondersoek gebruik is, nie as ʼn verteenwoordige monster beskou kan word nie, is dit redelik om te argumenteer (ten minste voorlopig) dat ―re-sculpting‖ ʼn geldige en nuttige metafoor is om te gebruik in die vertaling van godsdienstige poëtiese tekste.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Baylor University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-215).

This dissertation studies parts of six medieval Jewish Torah commentaries in order to examine how they related to what we call Pentateuchal poetry. It examines their general approaches to Bible interpretation and their treatments of all Pentateuchal poems. It focusses on qualities we associate with poetry--parallelism, structure, metaphor, and syntax--and explores the extent to which they treated poems differently from prose. / The effort begins by defining Pentateuchal poetry and discussing a range of its presentations by various ancient writers. Subsequent chapters examine its treatment by Rabbi Saadia Gaon of Baghdad (882-942), Abraham Ibn Ezra of Spain (1089-1164), Samuel Ben Meir (1080-1160) and Joseph Bekhor Shor (12th century) of Northern France, David Kimhi of Provence (1160-1235), and Obadiah Sforno of Italy (1470-1550). / While all of these commentators wrote on the poetic passages, none differentiated systematically between Pentateuchal prose and poetry or treated them in substantially different ways. Samuel Ben Meir, Ibn Ezra, Bekhor Shor, and Kimhi did discuss some poetic features of these texts. The other two men were far less inclined to do so, but occasionally recognized some differences between prose and poetry and some phenomena unique to the latter.

This dissertation tests and evaluates four current theories of the verse structure of biblical Hebrew poetry. These theories are: the counting of minimal units, such as poetic feet, stresses or syllables, practiced in various forms since antiquity, and recently employed by D. N. Freedman, F. M. Cross and others, the analysis of poetic line-forms proposed by Terence Collins, the syntactic structural analysis proposed by M. O'Connor, and the semantic analysis practiced by Willow van der Meer, Johannes de Moor and a group of scholars associated with the Kampen School of Theology. All of these theories purport to identify and explain the fundamentals of biblical Hebrew verse structure. Each of these theories is presented comprehensively. These presentations include a review of literature relevant to the field of Hebrew verse structure studies in general, and to these four current theories of verse structure in particular. / These four theories are applied to four poetic passages from the Hebrew Bible: Judges 5:2--31, Isaiah 5:1--7, Lamentations 1 and Psalm 126. These applications show how each of these theories describes the verse structure of each of the poems. Following this, the theories and their applications to these passages are compared to determine which, if any, of these theories are effective in distinguishing poetry from prose, distinguishing one poem from another, predicting the form of a poem, and prescribing rules for the composition of poetry. The strengths and weaknesses of each theory are identified. In addition, the reasons for the failure of these theories to provide an adequate description of the verse structure of biblical Hebrew poetry are indicated.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--New York University, Graduate School of Arts and Science, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 739-758). Hebrew translations throughout. Also available on the Internet.