Yu, Jing. / "November 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-172). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.III / Acknowledgements --- p.V / Contents --- p.VI / List of Figures --- p.VIII / List of Tables --- p.X / Abbreviations and Symbols --- p.XII / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Phylogenetic study of Hedyotis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Rubiaceae --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Controversial taxonomic issues --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Baihuasheshecao --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Authentication of Baihuasheshecao --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3 --- Icefishes in the Hong Kong market --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4 --- Molecular approach --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Introduction to molecular phylogeny --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- FINS (Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing) for species identification --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- DNA sequence markers --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2 --- DNA extraction --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3 --- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4 --- Gel electrophoresis --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5 --- PCR production purification --- p.54 / Chapter 2.6 --- Ligation and transformation and transformation of PCR product --- p.56 / Chapter 2.7 --- DNA sequencing and sequence analyses --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- USING FORENSICALLY INFORMATIVE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCING (FINS) TECHNOLOGY FOR SPECIES IDENTIFICATION --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1 --- Authentication of Baihuasheshecao by FINS Analysis --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Authentication using FINS technology --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Relative effectiveness of DNA regions for FINS analysis --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Phylogenetic interpretation --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2 --- Authentication of Salangids (Icefishes) by FINS Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Analysis based on mitochondrial ribosome DNA region --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Analysis based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Analysis based on combined regions --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Discussion --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3 --- Conclusions --- p.88 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- PHYLOGENTIC STUDY OF HEDYOTIS IN CHINA AND THEIR POSITION IN SPERMACOCEAE --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- Phylogentic study of Hedyotis species in Chinese --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Nuclear ITS region --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Plastid trnL intron and trnL-V intergenic spacer region --- p.94 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Plastid trnH-psbA intergenic spacer region --- p.98 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Plastid rbcL region --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Plastid matK region --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1.7 --- Combined analysis --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2 --- The phylogenetic position of Hedyotis (species in China) in the tribe of Spermacoceae s.1 --- p.121 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Plastid trnL - F intergenic spacer region --- p.121 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Plastid rbcL region --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Plastid rps16 region --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.153 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Comparison of phylogenetic utility of the six DNA regions --- p.153 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Diplophragma section --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Hedyotis, Dimetia, Euoldendandia and Gonotheca sections" --- p.156 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- The position of Hedyotis (species in China) in Spermacoceae --- p.158 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.160 / REFERENCES --- p.161 / APPENDIX --- p.173

Li Ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-161). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.I / ABSTRACT --- p.III / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VII / LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.XIII / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XX / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Authentication of Chinese medicines --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The need for authentication of Chinese medicines --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Traditional methods for authentication --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Molecular methods for authentication --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- DNA sequencing --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.1 --- Choosing a suitable region for DNA sequencing --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.2 --- Chloroplast irnL-trnF region --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.3 --- Complete sequence of ITS rDNA region --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.4 --- 5S rDNA intergenic spacer --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.5 --- Calculation of similarities among sequences --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.6 --- Construction methods of phylograms --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- The need for molecular authentication of three medicinal herbs --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The herb Baiying --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- The poisoning case reported in Hong Kong --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- The identity of genuine Baiying --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Morphological characters of the herb Baiying --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Medicinal values of Baiying --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1.5 --- Xungufeng as the adulterant of Baiying --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1.5.1 --- The toxic chemicals aristolochic acids --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.1.6 --- The need for molecular authentication of Baiying --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The herb Baihuasheshecao --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- The identity of Baihuasheshecao --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Morphological characters of the herb Baihuasheshecao --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Medicinal uses --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Chemical profile --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Adulterants of Baihuasheshecao --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2.6 --- Chemical studies of H. diffusa and H. corymbosa --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.2.7 --- Existing methods for authentication --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.2.8 --- The need for molecular authentication of Baihuasheshecao --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The herb Chuanlianzi --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- The identity of Chuanlianzi --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Medicinal values --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.3.3. --- The bioactive chemical --- p.31 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Kulianzi as the substitute of Chuanlianzi --- p.31 / Chapter 1.2.3.5 --- Poisoning cases reported due to ingestion of Kulianzi --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.3.6 --- Comparative studies of Chuanlianzi and Kulianzi --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.3.7 --- The need for molecular authentication of Chuanlianzi --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- OBJECTIVE --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- Plant and herb samples --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Total DNA extraction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cetyltriethylammonium bromide extraction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Commercial kit extraction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3 --- DNA amplification --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- DNA concentration determination --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- ISSR fingerprinting --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6 --- Purification of PCR product --- p.53 / Chapter 3.7 --- Cloning of PCR product --- p.54 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Ligation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Transformation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Cell cultivation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Plasmid extraction --- p.55 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Insert confirmation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.8 --- Determination of DNA concentration --- p.56 / Chapter 3.9 --- DNA sequencing --- p.57 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Cycle sequencing --- p.57 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Purification of cycle sequencing products --- p.57 / Chapter 3.9.3 --- DNA analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.10 --- Sequence analysis --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- MOLECULAR AUTHENTICATION OF BAIYING --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Results --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Phylogram study --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Evaluation of chloroplast trnL-trnF region in differentiation of Baiying and Xungufeng --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Molecular authentication of Baiying --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.81 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- MOLECULAR AUTHENTICATION OF BAIHUASHESHECAO --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1 --- Results --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- ITS region used for DNA sequencing --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Sequence alignment --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.88 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Phylogram study --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Evaluation of complete sequence of ITS region in differentiation of Hedyotis species --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Molecular authentication of retailed Baihuasheshecao --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Analysis of conflicting data between this study and published results --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Comparison of ITS-1 region --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Comparison of ITS-2 region --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.3.3 --- Proposed reasons for the conflicting data --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusion --- p.109 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- MOLECULAR AUTHENTICATION OF CHUANLIANZI --- p.110 / Chapter 6.1 --- Results --- p.110 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- DNA sequencing --- p.110 / Chapter 6.1.1.1 --- Complete sequence of ITS region used for DNA sequencing --- p.110 / Chapter 6.1.1.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.111 / Chapter 6.1.1.1.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 6.1.1.2 --- 5S rDNA intergenic spacer used for DNA sequencing --- p.113 / Chapter 6.1.1.2.1 --- Sequencing alignment --- p.114 / Chapter 6.1.1.2.2 --- Percentage similarity analysis --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1.1.2.3 --- Phylogram study --- p.128 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- ISSR fingerprinting --- p.136 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion --- p.138 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- DNA sequencing results --- p.138 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- ISSR fingerprinting results --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Investigation of the identity of retailed Chuanlianzi --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Taxonomic interpretation for Melia species --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Kulianzi involved in this study --- p.141 / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.141 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- CONCLUSION --- p.143 / BILBIOGRAPHY --- p.146 / APPDENDIX - MATERIAL PREPARATION --- p.162