Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-84). Also available on the Internet.

No description available.

No description available.

Desde a década de 50, os cientistas tem utilizado radiação ionizante para esterilizar insetos, que são liberados na natureza para acasalar, mas sem nenhuma descendência. Conhecida como a técnica do inseto estéril (TIE), este método de controle de inseto vem tradicionalmente utilizando radiações ionizantes para esterilizar os insetos, sendo uma técnica que não gera resíduo, e pode agir em sinergia com as demais técnicas dentro do manejo integrado de pragas. O Brasil por vários anos vem lutando contra o aumento de pragas, introduzindo novas táticas e técnicas dentro dos programas de MIP, para driblar a resistência dos produtos químicos, como: diminuir os resíduos dos agrotóxicos; para algumas culturas importantes do o nosso país, temos um largo espectro de pragas ocorrendo do inicio ao fim da colheita, uma delas é a cultura do algodoeiro e dentre as pragas chave dessa cultura, temos algumas lagartas extremamente importantes, entre elas Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera. Essas espécies são parecidas morfologicamente, sendo a segunda identificada a poucos anos aqui no Brasil. Ainda não há trabalhos no Brasil utilizando TIE como ferramenta adicional para lepidópteros, portanto objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito de doses de radiação gama nas diferentes fases do ciclo evolutivo de Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera, bem como avaliar a esterilidade na geração P e a capacidade de competição dos insetos irradiados com os não irradiados. A fase pupa foi a que apresentou um melhor resultado, pois com 75 Gy atingiu a esterilidade em Heliothis virecens e 100 Gy esterilizou Helicoverpa armigera, portanto contemplou a fase e a dose escolhida para avaliar a competição entre os insetos irradiados e os insetos normais de ambas as espécies. E tanto Heliothis virecens como Helicoverpa armigera apresentaram um resultado satisfatório, pois os insetos irradiados conseguiram reduzir significativamente a viabilidade dos ovos na proporção de 9: 1: 1 / Since the 1950s, scientists have used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, which are released in nature to mate, but without any progeny. Known as the sterile insect technique (TIE), this method of insect control has traditionally used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, a technique that does not generate residues, and can act in synergy with the other techniques within integrated pest management. For several years, Brazil has been fighting against the increase of pests, introducing new tactics and techniques within the IPM programs, to overcome the resistance of chemical products, such as: reducing the residues of agrochemicals; For some important crops of our country, we have a wide spectrum of pests occurring from the beginning to the end of the harvest, one of them is the cotton crop and among the key pests of this crop, we have some extremely important caterpillars, among them Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera These species are morphologically similar, the second being identified a few years ago in Brazil. There are still no studies in Brazil using TIE as an additional tool for Lepidoptera, therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of gamma radiation in the different phases of the evolutionary cycle of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera, as well as to evaluate the sterility in generation P And the ability of insects to irradiate with non-irradiated insects. The pupal phase presented the best result because 75 Gy achieved sterility in Heliothis virecens and 100 Gy sterilized Helicoverpa armigera, therefore it contemplated the phase and dose chosen to evaluate the competition between the irradiated insects and the normal insects of both species. Both Heliothis virecens and Helicoverpa armigera presented a satisfactory result, as the irradiated insects managed to significantly reduce the viability of the eggs in a ratio of 9: 1: 1

Orientador: Maria Ligia Rodrigues Macedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:11:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kubo_CarlosEduardoGavira_M.pdf: 1973367 bytes, checksum: afd46afbc30805315577f477defd25c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As plantas sintetizam inibidores de proteinases (IPs) como um dos mecanismos de defesa contra o ataque de insetos-praga e patógenos. Os IPs são polipeptídios hábeis em se ligar às enzimas proteolíticas localizadas no intestino médio dos insetos, impedindo sua atividade proteolítica por inibição competitiva. Esse processo leva a uma redução da disponibilidade de aminoácidos para a síntese protéica, e desta maneira, a uma redução no crescimento e desenvolvimento por parte do inseto. Portanto, os IPs são considerados fatores anti-metabólicos. Heliothis virescens (Fabr., 1781) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) é uma mariposa, cujas larvas atacam principalmente culturas em campo como: alfafa, algodão, soja e fumo. Entretanto, ocasionalmente podem atacar também culturas como couve, alface, ervilha, pimentão, guandu, abóbora e tomate. Neste trabalho, um inibidor purificado das sementes de Adenanthera pavonina L. (Mimosaceae) ¿ ApTI foi utilizado em dietas artificiais, e através de bioensaios seu potencial inseticida contra H. virescens foi determinado. A inibição in vitro de proteinases do inseto por ApTI sugerem que o inibidor possua efeitos anti-metabólicos quando ingeridos pelas larvas . Entretanto, a ingestão de ApTI não resultou em uma redução significativa no crescimento e desenvolvimento do inseto. Não sendo observadas diferenças na mortalidade larval, no ganho de peso e no tempo de desenvolvimento larval e pupal. A fim de estudar a adaptação das lagartas à presença do inibidor, a atividade das proteinases intestinais das larvas que se alimentaram em dietas livres do inibidor e alimentadas em dieta contendo o inibidor a 0,4% foi comparada através de ensaios enzimáticos e eletroforese em géis de atividade enzimática. As larvas de quarto instar alimentadas em dieta contendo ApTI apresentaram um aumento de cerca de duas vezes na atividade tríptica, confirmado por ensaios enzimáticos e na eletroforese de atividade. Além disso, a atividade tríptica das larvas que se alimentaram em dieta com ApTI é menos sensível a inibição por ApTI, indicando que novas enzimas mais resistentes ao inibidor foram produzidas. Estes resultados sugerem que as larvas de H. virescens foram capazes de se adaptarem fisiologicamente ao inibidor pela superprodução de enzimas do tipo tripsina existente e pela produção de um novo tipo de enzima do tipo tripsina que é menos susceptível a ação inibitória de ApTI / Abstract: Proteinase inhibitor proteins (PIs) are one of the defensive chemicals produced by plants against pests and pathogens. PIs are polypeptides that are able to bind to insect midgut proteolytic enzymes, rendering them inactive by competitive inhibition. This process leads to a limitation of essential amino acids in protein synthesis, and thus, to reduction in growth and development. Therefore, PIs are known as antinutritional factors. The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabr., 1781) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous insect larvae that is principally a field crop pest, attacking such crops as alfalfa, cotton, soybean and tobacco. However, it sometimes attacks such vegetables as cabbage, lettuce, pea, pepper, pigeon pea, squash, and tomato, especially when cotton or other favored crops are abundant. In this report, the pure inhibitor from seeds of Adenanthera pavonina L. (Mimosaceae) ¿ ApTI was monitoring by an insect bioassay its insecticidal activity toward H. virescens. The in vitro inhibitions of proteinases activities by ApTI suggest that ApTI would have a potential antimetabolic effect when ingested by insect larvae. However, chronic ingestion of ApTI did not result in a significant reduction of growth and development of tobacco budworm. No differences in larval mortality, weight gain, larval and pupal developmental time were observed. To study this adaptation, the midgut proteinases of H. virescens larvae reared on artificial PI-free diet and on a diet containing ApTI at 0.4% were compared by using enzymatic assays and polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. The fourth instar larvae reared on a diet containing ApTI showed a 2-fold increase in tryptic activity, as confirmed by BApNA as substrate and by activity in gels. In addition, the tryptic activity in ApTI-fed larvae was less sensitive to ApTI, indicating that novel proteolytic form resistant to ApTI was induced in larvae reared on a diet containing this inhibitor. These results suggest that H. virescens larvae were able to physiologically adapt to inhibitor by overproduction of an existing trypsin-like enzyme and production of a new type of trypsin-like enzyme that is less susceptible to inhibitory action of ApTI / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Desde a década de 50, os cientistas tem utilizado radiação ionizante para esterilizar insetos, que são liberados na natureza para acasalar, mas sem nenhuma descendência. Conhecida como a técnica do inseto estéril (TIE), este método de controle de inseto vem tradicionalmente utilizando radiações ionizantes para esterilizar os insetos, sendo uma técnica que não gera resíduo, e pode agir em sinergia com as demais técnicas dentro do manejo integrado de pragas. O Brasil por vários anos vem lutando contra o aumento de pragas, introduzindo novas táticas e técnicas dentro dos programas de MIP, para driblar a resistência dos produtos químicos, como: diminuir os resíduos dos agrotóxicos; para algumas culturas importantes do o nosso país, temos um largo espectro de pragas ocorrendo do inicio ao fim da colheita, uma delas é a cultura do algodoeiro e dentre as pragas chave dessa cultura, temos algumas lagartas extremamente importantes, entre elas Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera. Essas espécies são parecidas morfologicamente, sendo a segunda identificada a poucos anos aqui no Brasil. Ainda não há trabalhos no Brasil utilizando TIE como ferramenta adicional para lepidópteros, portanto objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito de doses de radiação gama nas diferentes fases do ciclo evolutivo de Heliothis virescens e Helicoverpa armigera, bem como avaliar a esterilidade na geração P e a capacidade de competição dos insetos irradiados com os não irradiados. A fase pupa foi a que apresentou um melhor resultado, pois com 75 Gy atingiu a esterilidade em Heliothis virecens e 100 Gy esterilizou Helicoverpa armigera, portanto contemplou a fase e a dose escolhida para avaliar a competição entre os insetos irradiados e os insetos normais de ambas as espécies. E tanto Heliothis virecens como Helicoverpa armigera apresentaram um resultado satisfatório, pois os insetos irradiados conseguiram reduzir significativamente a viabilidade dos ovos na proporção de 9: 1: 1 / Since the 1950s, scientists have used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, which are released in nature to mate, but without any progeny. Known as the sterile insect technique (TIE), this method of insect control has traditionally used ionizing radiation to sterilize insects, a technique that does not generate residues, and can act in synergy with the other techniques within integrated pest management. For several years, Brazil has been fighting against the increase of pests, introducing new tactics and techniques within the IPM programs, to overcome the resistance of chemical products, such as: reducing the residues of agrochemicals; For some important crops of our country, we have a wide spectrum of pests occurring from the beginning to the end of the harvest, one of them is the cotton crop and among the key pests of this crop, we have some extremely important caterpillars, among them Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera These species are morphologically similar, the second being identified a few years ago in Brazil. There are still no studies in Brazil using TIE as an additional tool for Lepidoptera, therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of gamma radiation in the different phases of the evolutionary cycle of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa armigera, as well as to evaluate the sterility in generation P And the ability of insects to irradiate with non-irradiated insects. The pupal phase presented the best result because 75 Gy achieved sterility in Heliothis virecens and 100 Gy sterilized Helicoverpa armigera, therefore it contemplated the phase and dose chosen to evaluate the competition between the irradiated insects and the normal insects of both species. Both Heliothis virecens and Helicoverpa armigera presented a satisfactory result, as the irradiated insects managed to significantly reduce the viability of the eggs in a ratio of 9: 1: 1

The ability of Nabis alternatus Parshley to reduce tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), populations was studied in the laboratory, greenhouse and field. Tests were conducted at different temperatures and with different larval instars of tobacco budworm to determine their effects on predatory efficiency. Both immature and adult N. alternatus consumed more first-instars than of either second- or third-instars, or of the egg stage. Temperature significantly affected the predatory capability of N. alternatus. All instars and the adult exhibited a higher rate of consumption at 30°C than at temperatures of 20, 25 and 35°C; adults consumed more tobacco budworm larvae and eggs at all temperatures than did any of the nymphal instars. There were no differences in survival of the different N. alternatus stages at the different temperatures but the average number of days required to complete each instar was affected. Each increase in the predator-to-prey ratio resulted in a reduced survival of the tobacco budworm population. Release rates of 2500, 3750 and 5000 adults per acre resulted in mortalities of 55, 77, and 87%, respectively. Both adult and third-instar N. alternatus exhibited the higher searching and consumptive capacities at different ratios of first-, second-, and third-instar tobacco budworm infestations. All N. alternatus fed more at the 1:4 (predator/prey) ratio than at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, or 1:3. Longevity of adult N. alternatus varied when provided with food substances of sugar solution, green bean, no food or cotton plants at the different temperatures. Survival was greatest when provided with sugar solution over any of the other substrates, and when held at cooler temperatures. Compatibility of N. alternatus with other controls was studied under both laboratory and field conditions. Average longevity in combination with treatments of Elcarᴿ, Bacillus thuringiensis, or fenvalerate was 6.7, 5.9, and 1.3 days, respectively. Compatibility with the biological insecticides was very good and the combinations reduced first-instar tobacco budworm infestations more than did either alone.

No description available.

The GRASS (V. 4.0) geographical information system (GIS) was used to test the hypothesis that pheromone trap based predictions of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) damage in processed sweet corn could be improved by considering spatial patterns of corn plantings and wind blocking features around the trap. Wind blocking features include: tree rows, wooded areas, large buildings close to the trap, and abrupt hillsides. Pheromone traps were monitored at 29 and 30 sites in 1990 and 1991. Corn development through the year and damage levels at harvest (percent infestation) were also recorded for these locations. Maps of all corn plantings and wind blocking features within 2.5 kilometers of the trap were created, digitized, and entered into the GIS for each site. A stepwise regression analysis considering 18 spatial and two non-spatial variables resulted in a highly significant (P<0.001) four variable regression model with an R�� of 0.82. Spatial input variables used in this model included the total number of hectares of corn within 2.0 kilometers of the trap as well as the average distance to wind blocking features on the north side of the trap. The non-spatial variables used were cumulative trap catch and date of first silk. A dynamic simulation model was also created. This was designed to filter from the trap catch those moths coming from plantings outside of the trapped planting. This model functioned by creating map surfaces in the GIS showing for each day the relative contribution to catch for each location around the trap. This map surface was the product for each location of relative moth population levels and the likeliness that a moth positioned there would be captured by the trap. The modified cumulative trap catch was expected to correlate more strongly to damage levels than the unmodified trap catch, but no run of the model produced a significant improvement in the correlation. In the process of collecting data for this project, circumstantial evidence was obtained which indicated that high synchrony between valley-wide moth catch levels and valley-wide timings of silking in corn could be used as an indicator of high damage years. / Graduation date: 1994

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-86). Also available on the Internet.