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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Rôle de la protéine HMGB1 dans la stéatose hépatique associée à l'obésité / Role of HMGB1 protein in obesity-related liver steatosis

Personnaz, Jean 18 October 2018 (has links)
Au cours de l'obésité, l'excès de lipides circulants, est stocké dans les organes périphériques, principalement dans le foie. Ce stockage ectopique de lipide peut avoir, à long terme, des conséquences délétères sur le métabolisme glucidique. Au long cours, l'excès de lipides hépatiques peut conduire au développement de stéatopathies métaboliques pouvant évoluer vers la cirrhose et le cancer du foie. Dans l'hépatocyte, le métabolisme et l'homéostasie lipidique sont finement régulés par la balance entre la synthèse (LDN) et l'utilisation (ß-oxydation) des lipides. Ces deux voies métaboliques sont sous le contrôle de plusieurs facteurs de transcriptions comme ChREBP, SREBP1 PPARƴ ou PPARa. La compaction et l'accessibilité de la chromatine sont des éléments cruciaux pour la régulation indirecte de l'activité de ces facteurs de transcription. Dans le noyau, la compaction de l'ADN est régulée par les histones mais aussi par les protéines High Mobility Group (HMG). Parmi la famille des protéines HMG, la protéine High Mobility Group box 1 (HMGB1), principalement localisée dans le noyau, est capable de réguler de façon indirecte la transcription de gènes dans de nombreux tissus. En plus de son rôle nucléaire, HMGB1 peut être activement sécrétée par les cellules innées au cours de phénomènes inflammatoires aigus. Chez la souris, la délétion totale de cette protéine entraine une hypoglycémie périnatale létale. De plus, chez la souris, les concentrations circulantes d'HMGB1 sont augmentées lors d'un stress métabolique induit par un régime hyper-lipidique (HFD). Tous ces résultats suggèrent un rôle d'HMGB1 dans le métabolisme hépatique et énergétique ainsi que dans les processus inflammatoires de bas-bruits associés au stress métabolique. [...] / During obesity, the excess of circulating lipids, are stored in the peripheral organs, and mainly in the liver. This ectopic storage of lipids may have long-term deleterious consequences on carbohydrate metabolism. Over time, excess of intra-hepatic lipids can lead to the development of steatohepatitis that can evolve to cirrhosis and liver cancer. In the hepatocyte, lipid homeostasis is finely regulated by the balance between synthesis (de novo lipogenesis-DNL) and degradation (ß-oxidation) of lipids. These two metabolic pathways are under the control of several transcription factors like ChREBP, SREBP1, PPARƴ or PPARa. The compaction and accessibility of chromatin are crucial parameters, which regulate the activity of these transcription factors. In the nucleus, the compaction of DNA is regulated by histones but also by High Mobility Group (HMG) proteins. Among the HMG protein family, High Mobility Group box 1 protein (HMGB1), mainly located in the nucleus, is able to indirectly regulate gene transcription in many tissues. In addition to its nuclear role, HMGB1 can be actively secreted by innate immunes cells during acute inflammatory reactions. In mice, the global deletion of Hmgb1 gene leads to perinatal lethality due to a severe hypoglycemia. Moreover, preliminary data from our laboratory show that circulating concentrations of HMGB1 are increased in mice subjected to high fat diet (HFD). All these results support a role of HMGB1 in hepatic and energetic metabolism but also in tissue-low grade inflammation related to metabolic stress. [...]
2

Suplementação com acido linoleico conjugado : influencia sobre a oxidação dos lipides biologicos e conteudo de lipides hepaticos de ratos Wistar saudaveis em crescimento / Conjugates linoleic acid supplementation : influence on biological lipid oxidation and hepatic lipid content in healthy growing Wistar rats

Santos, Lilia Zago Ferreira dos 14 November 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Admar Costa de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:09:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LiliaZagoFerreirados_D.pdf: 3274551 bytes, checksum: 903add15d9aa93e05454196d09939604 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) é um conjunto de isômeros geométricos e posicionais do ácido linoléico, encontrado no leite, carnes e seus respectivos derivados. Desde a sua identificação como um agente anticarcinogênico, muitos outros efeitos lhe foram atribuídos; dentre eles, o efeito antioxidante, efeito um tanto quanto intrigante ao considerar que o CLA é um dieno conjugado, ou seja, um ácido graxo em sua fase inicial de autoxidação, mas com uma de suas ligas duplas conjugadas na forma trans. O objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação com CLA, com e sem a presença de antioxidante, sobre o processo de autoxidação dos lípides biológicos, o conteúdo de lípides totais e a morfologia hepática de ratos Wistar saudáveis em crescimento. Foi realizado um ensaio biológico onde sessenta ratos foram divididos em seis grupos (n=10): grupos C (controle), CE (controle + vitamina E), AE (AdvantEdge® CLA), AEE (AdvantEdge® CLA + Vitamina E), CO (CLA One®) e COE (CLA One® + vitamina E). Os grupos controle C e CE receberam ácido linoléico e os grupos suplementados AE, AEE, CO e COE receberam misturas comerciais de CLA distintas cujo conteúdo médio de CLA era de 76,17 % com proporções semelhantes entre os isômeros trans-10, cis-12 e cis-9, trans-11. As condições de suplementação foram padronizadas em ensaio preliminar cujos resultados permitiram concluir que a melhor concentração de CLA a ser administrada, levando em consideração os aspectos operacionais e a resposta biológica, era de 2 % em relação ao consumo de dieta. Sendo assim, os ratos foram suplementados com 2 % de CLA por meio de entubação orogástrica durante 42 dias. Para os animais que receberam vitamina E em associação com o CLA, utilizou-se acetato de a-tocoferol na concentração de 30 mg / dia. Foram determinados índice de peróxido (IP), malondialdeído (MDA), 8-iso-PGF2a isoprostana e atividade da catalase como indicadores da autoxidação lipídica. O conteúdo total de lípides do fígado foi determinado e a morfologia do órgão foi analisada por meio de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Os resultados demonstraram que a influência do CLA sobre o processo de oxidação dos lípides biológicos depende do tipo do suplemento e do indicador utilizado e seu respectivo local de determinação (tecido ou fluído corporal). Os valores de MDA sérico (AE: 1,80±0,67 mg MDA / kg; CO: 2,43±0,61 mg MDA / kg) e a atividade sérica da catalase (AE: 4734,23±1078,93 kU / L; CO: 5916,06±2490,71 kU / L) foram significativamente menores (P £ 0,05) em comparação com o controle (MDA: 3,85±0,24 mg MDA / kg; catalase: 10496,52±5121,84 kU / L), já os valores de 8-iso-PGF2a isoprostana foram maiores (P £ 0,05) para o grupo AE (urina: 95,13±20,26 pg / mL; plasma: 18,86±3,41 pg / mL) em relação ao controle (urina: 69,46±16,65 pg / mL; plasma: 13,84±3,55 pg / mL). Quanto ao IP, este foi maior (P £ 0,05) no grupo CO (84,38±10,97mEq / kg) em comparação com o grupo controle (54,75±9,70 mEq / kg). Em ralação à associação do acetato de a-tocoferol à suplementação com CLA, esta influenciou a ação do CLA sobre a oxidação dos lípides biológicos para os indicadores catalase, MDA hepático e 8-iso-PGF2a isoprostana urinária, de forma a diminuí-la. O conteúdo dos lípides hepáticos totais não aumentou nos ratos que receberam CLA (C: 23,93±3,64 %; AE: 21,19±2,05 %; CO: 21,16±0,90 %), embora as imagens obtidas por MET tenham demonstrado que houve aumento dos glóbulos de gordura em número e tamanho, aumento esse que não alterou a morfologia do órgão, visto que tanto o citoplasma quanto as organelas celulares estavam íntegras. Esses achados permitiram concluir que a suplementação com 2 % das misturas comerciais de CLA durante 42 dias influenciou o processo de oxidação dos lípides biológicos, no entanto, não foi possível estabelecer um consenso sobre seu efeito antioxidante/pró-oxidante visto a divergência dos resultados. Quanto às imagens hepáticas obtidas por MET, essas caracterizaram uma informação de natureza qualitativa, mas não menos importante, pois permitiu concluir que esse protocolo de suplementação com CLA não promeveu danos morfológicos ao órgão visto a integridade dos hepatócitos / Abstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a set of geometrical and positional isomers of the linoleic acid, found in milk, meats and their products. Since its identification as an anticarcinogenic agent, other effects have been attributed to it since, among them an antioxidant action -- a rather intriguing claim in view of the fact that CLA is a conjugated diene, i.e., a fatty acid in an early stage of autoxidation, but with one of its conjugated double bonds in the trans form. The objective of this Thesis was to assess the effect of CLA supplementation, both in the presence and in the absence of an antioxidant, on: (a) the process of biological lipid autoxidation, (b) the total lipid content, and (c) the hepatic morphology of healthy growing Wistar rats. A biological assay on sixty rats divided into six groups (n=10) was realized: C (control), CE (control + vitamin E), AE (AdvantEdge® CLA), AEE (AdvantEdge® CLA + Vitamin E), CO (CLA One®), and COE (CLA One®+ vitamin E). Control groups C and CE received linoleic acid, and supplemented groups AE, AEE, CO and COE received commercial CLA mixtures with a mean CLA content 76.17% and similar proportions of trans-10, cis-12 and cis-9, trans-11 isomers. A preliminary assay was conducted in order to standardize supplementation conditions; its results indicated that the best CLA concentration for administration, taking into account operational aspects and biological response, was 2% of diet intake. Rats were supplemented with that concentration of CLA by orogastric intubation for 42 days. For animals receiving vitamin E in combination with CLA, alpha-tocopherol acetate in the concentration of 30 mg/day was used. Peroxide index (IP), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-iso-PGF2 alpha isoprostane, and catalase activity were determined as lipid autoxidation indicators. Total liver lipid content was determined, and organ morphology was examined by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Results demonstrated that the influence of CLA on the process of biological lipid oxidation depends on supplement type, on the chosen indicator, and on whether it is determined in a tissue or in a body fluid. Serum values of MDA (AE: 1.80±0.67 mg MDA / kg; CO: 2.43±0.61 mg MDA / kg) and catalase serum activity (AE: 4734.23±107893 kU / L; CO: 5916.06±2490.71 kU / L) were significantly lower (P <0,05) than in the controls (MDA: 3.85±0.24 mg MDA / kg; catalase: 10496.52±5121.84 kU / L), whereas 8-iso-PGF2 alpha isoprostane were higher (P <0.05) for AE (urina: 95.13±20.26 pg / mL; plasma: 18.86±3.41 pg / mL) than in the controls (urina: 69.46±16.65 pg / mL; plasma: 13.84±3.55 pg / mL). IP values were higher (P<0,05) for CO (84,.38±1097mEq / kg) than in the control (54.75±9.70 mEq / kg). Regarding the combination of alpha-tocopherol acetate and CLA supplementation, the presence of this antioxidant influenced the action of CLA on biological lipid oxidation as indicated by catalase, hepatic MDA and urinary 8-iso-PGF2 alpha isoprostane. Total hepatic lipid content did not increase in rats receiving CLA (C: 23.93±3,.64 %; AE: 21.19±2.05 %; CO: 21.16±0.90 %), although TEM images showed an increase in size and amount of fat globules; this, however, did not change organ morphology, as indicated by the fact that cell cytoplasm and organelles were undamaged. These findings allowed to conclude that supplementation with 2% of commercial CLA mixtures for 42 days influenced the process of biological lipid oxidation. However, no conclusion could be reached as to its anti-oxidant or prooxidant effect, because of inconsistencies in the results. Hepatic TEM images, even being a qualitative information, were nevertheless important, as they allowed to conclude that this CLA supplementation protocol did not cause any morphological damage to the organ, as indicated by the integrity of hepatocytes / Doutorado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

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